We find no physical basis for traditional mass-fraction weighted averaging of X-ray continuum measured in pure elements to estimate continuum production from compounds. Measurements of continuum from pairs of stable isotopes demonstrate that mass alone (the presence of more or fewer neutrons) has no effect on continuum production in electron probe microanalysis. Electron-fraction weighted averaging, which is based on the relative contribution of each constituent element to the electron (or proton) composition of a compound, proved superior to mass-fraction weighted averaging, in predicting the continuum of a compound from the measured continuum of its elements.

Multielemental X-ray maps collected by a remote scanning system of the electron beam are processed by a dedicated software program performing accurate modal determination of geological samples. The classification of different mineral phases is based on elemental concentrations. The software program Petromod loads the maps into a database and computes a matrix consisting of numerical values proportional to the elemental concentrations. After an initial calibration, the program can perform the chemical composition calculated on the basis of a fixed number of oxygens for a selected area. In this way, it is possible to identify all the mineral phases occurring in the sample. Up to three elements can be selected to calculate the modal percentage of the identified mineral. An automated routine scans the whole set of maps and assigns each pixel that satisfies the imposed requirements to the selected phase. Repeating this procedure for every mineral phase occurring in the mapped area, a modal distribution of the rock-forming minerals can be performed. The final output consists of a digitized image, which can be further analyzed by common image analysis software, and a table containing the calculated modal percentages. The method is here applied to a volcanic and a metamorphic rock sample.

Experimental difficulties in studying nanostructures stem from their small size, which limits the use of traditional techniques for measuring their physical properties. We have developed a nanostructure manipulation device to apply tension to chain aggregates mounted in a transmission electron microscope. A 1-mm-long slit was cut in the center of a lead–tin alloy disc, measuring 3 mm in diameter and 200 μm in thickness. The disc was heated to about 140°C before it was pressed between two quartz slides. The disc was then thinned by mechanical dimpling and ion milling until holes developed around the slit. The edges of the slit were 0.2 to 3 μm in thickness while the gap between them was up to a few microns. This disc was bonded to the two plates of a cartridge. The slit could be widened or narrowed at controlled speeds of 0.5 to 300 nm/s. The system was tested using titania (TiO2) nanoparticle chain aggregates (NCA) deposited across the slit. The ends of the NCA remained attached to the edges of the slit, which was widened at about 0.7 nm/s. In this way, the NCA was stretched up to 176% of its initial length before breaking.

We present the development of in situ wet environmental transmission electron microscopy (Wet-ETEM) for direct probing of controlled liquid–catalyst reactions at operating temperatures on the nanoscale. The first nanoscale imaging and electron diffraction of dynamic liquid hydrogenation and polymerization reactions in the manufacture of polyamides reported here opens up new opportunities for high resolution studies of a wide range of solution–solid and solution–gas–solid reactions in the chemical and biological sciences.

As a tribute to the scientific work of Professor Gareth Thomas in the field of structure-property relationships this paper delineates a new possibility of Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM) to study the magnetic properties of soft magnetic films. We show that in contrast to the traditional point of view, not only does the direction of the magnetization vector in nano-crystalline films make a correlated small-angle wiggling, but also the magnitude of the magnetization modulus fluctuates. This fluctuation produces a rapid modulation in the LTEM image. A novel analysis of the ripple structure in nano-crystalline Fe-Zr-N film corresponds to an amplitude of the transversal component of the magnetization ΔMy of 23 mT and a longitudinal fluctuation of the magnetization of the order of ΔMx = 30 mT. The nano-crystalline (Fe99Zr1)1−xNx films have been prepared by DC magnetron reactive sputtering with a thickness between 50 and 1000 nm. The grain size decreased monotonically with N content from typically 100 nm in the case of N-free films to less than 10 nm for films containing 8 at%. The specimens were examined with a JEOL 2010F 200 kV transmission electron microscope equipped with a post column energy filter (GIF 2000 Gatan Imaging Filter). For holography, the microscope is mounted with a biprism (JEOL biprism with a 0.6 μm diameter platinum wire).

Sunday Morning, August 4, 2002: Golf Tournament at the Mont Tourbillon Golf Club

Sunday August 4, 2002: 6:00 pm to 10:00 pm Opening Reception at the Quebec Museum of Civilization

Presidential Happenings: The Presidents of MSA, MAS, MSC/SCM, IMS will offer special events during the week. These events, including keynote speakers and the awards ceremonies, will appeal to all attendees.

Tuesday Evening, August 6, 2002: Exhibitor's Demonstrations

Wednesday August 7, 2002: Evening Social Options Dinner at the Manoir Montmorency and Grand Finale of the Fireworks Festival

Wednesday August 7, 2002: Opera Evening at the Chapel of the Amerique Francaise Museum

The reactions which occur between amorphous carbon and a number of first transition metals (Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) have been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The materials are in thin-film form with the metal layer sandwiched between thicker carbon layers. In four cases, the predominant reaction is the graphitization of the amorphous carbon, at temperatures well below 800°C. This is brought about by the elements themselves in the case of Co and Ni, and by metastable carbides in the case of Fe (Fe3C) and Cr (Cr3C2−x). The Ti–C and Cu–C systems do not exhibit graphitization. For the former, only TiC is produced up to 1000°C, while the carbon does not react at all with copper. In situ TEM studies show the mechanism to be of the dissolution-precipitation type, which is equivalent to the metal-mediated crystallization process for amorphous silicon and germanium. The heat of graphitization is found to be 18–19 kcal/mol-C by differential scanning calorimetry.

The focused ion beam lift-out technique for scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) sample preparation was shown to be applicable to copper/low-k dielectric semiconductor technology. High resolution SEM, TEM, and scanning transmission electron microscope analyses were performed on metal contacts and resist vias with no evidence of the interface damage or metal smearing commonly observed with mechanical polishing. Ion milling of the sample ex situ to the substrate provided decoration and adjustment of the exposed plane of the section when necessary for SEM analysis.

Executive Members

Committee Members and Session Chairs

Local Arrangement Committee

Topologically modeled amorphized silica structures have been refined using a molecular dynamics simulation technique. Several metastable structures with substantially different medium-range connectivities, as characterized by primitive ring statistics, were obtained. Whereas the total correlation function is insensitive to these differences, the first sharp diffraction peak derived from energy-filtered electron diffraction shows a promising correlation to medium-range structure.

Structures of Pt-nanowires, synthesized in channels of silica mesoporous materials MCM-41, SBA-15 and MCM-48, were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. One dimensional (1D) Pt-nanowires were formed inside the channels of the MCM-41, and were single crystals with a length of several tens to several hundreds nanometers and a diameter of ca. 3 nm Pt-nanowires synthesized in SBA-15 formed a new 3D-network following 3D-pore geometry of SBA-15; that is, the main 1D-channels are interconnected to each other through randomly distributed tunnels. These Pt-nanowires showed a well single crystalline. MCM-48 has two non-intersecting chiral channels, and Pt-networks were mostly formed in one of the two channels. Therefore the networks were also chiral; however, the chirality of Pt-networks remained to be determined. It was shown that all Pt-nanowires were formed following the channel geometries of silica mesoporous materials used.

A Σ = 5 (310)[001] tilt grain boundary in molybdenum has been annealed at high temperature in the presence of carbon and observed in high-resolution electron microscopy. The carbon is located at the grain boundary in a 1-nm slab. Two different morphologies coexist. The first one is a grain boundary precipitation while the second one can be considered as a segregation.

The Microsopical Society of Canada and the LAC of Microscopy and Microanalysis 2002 are very proud to welcome you in Québec City for the MSA - MAS - MSC/SMC-IMS joint meeting that will take place for the first time in Canada. This event will be a commemorative new experience of science mixed with the “Joie de Vivre” of Québec City. Founded in 1608 by French explorer Samuel de Champlain, Québec City was the center of New France, which at the time extended from the St. Lawrence River in the northeast right down to the Gulf of Mexico in the south. By the end of the 19th century, Québec City had taken on many of its current attributes: political capital, university town, center of culture, tourist destination, and regional services and trade hub. The city's old quarter was declared a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1985.

Come to Québec, an American-style City with a French Attitude!

In this work, effective, yet simple, recycling mechanisms for used scanning probe microscopy (SPM) tips were implemented. Comprising a tip profile characterization methodology and specific cleaning procedures, which decontaminate SPM tips whether the contamination nature is known or not, such routes were optimized during numerous tests with brand new, previously used, and already discarded categories of SPM tips. The results show that if the used tip suffered contamination only, but no physical damages, during its scanning lifetime, it becomes readily available for reutilization after the cleansing process, characterizing a recycling route. On the other hand, if the tip went through wear and breakages during its utilization, it still can be decontaminated, but may not be directly reutilized due to its inadequate physical profile. Nevertheless, the methodology developed in this work may yet be applied as part of a more complex recycling route.

The continuous displacement field within elastically relaxed GaInAs islands was calculated from digitized HREM images of {110} cross sections of In0.35Ga0.65As layers grown on GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy. Experimental maps of the deformations parallel to the interface (εx) and along the growth direction (εz) were drawn and compared with the ones calculated via the finite element method. It was found that εx exp was systematically higher than εx calc and the significant maximum observed for εz exp within the island could not be found for εz calc. These discrepancies were attributed to a variation of the chemical composition in the island. The maps showing the indium concentration gradient drawn from HREM and FE calculations were compared to quantitative profiles for indium concentration obtained by nanometric X-ray microanalysis in TEM. The measured gradient within the island backs our assumption.

The supreme advantages of electron microscopy (EM) in the chemical sciences are briefly recalled: By judicious use of electron optical techniques, vital information of a structural, mechanistic, compositional, and often of an electronic kind may be retrieved. Not only are insights gained (through EM) into the existence of whole new families of structures hitherto unperceived, but one also uncovers the structural characteristics of imperfections in solids. And it is often the case that these imperfections reflect or suggest altogether new structures, hitherto unconceived. EM is, therefore, a powerful agent for aiding chemical synthesis of new materials. This is particularly important in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, since altogether new types of catalytic materials may be, on the one hand, defined, described, identified, and characterised, and, on the other, designed and synthesised. There is also the ever-improving role of the electron microscope as an analytical tool: Very few other techniques within reach of the chemist can rival it in its sensitivity and detection limits. (Scanning instruments now permit the imaging and the identification of nanoclusters consisting of just a few atoms.) But there are numerous other branches of chemistry besides catalysis and surface science where EM proves invaluable, as we outline herein, in elucidating structure–property or composition and structure interrelationships.