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Carbonate and cation substitutions in hydroxylapatite in breast cancer micro-calcifications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 March 2021

Yan Zhang Open the ORCID record for Yan Zhang [Opens in a new window] ,
Changqiu Wang ,
Yan Li ,
Anhuai Lu ,
Fanlu Meng ,
Hongrui Ding ,
Fang Mei ,
Jianying Liu ,
Kang Li  and
Chongqing Yang
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Yan Zhang
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mineral Environmental Function, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
Changqiu Wang
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mineral Environmental Function, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
Yan Li*
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mineral Environmental Function, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
Anhuai Lu*
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mineral Environmental Function, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
Fanlu Meng
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mineral Environmental Function, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
Hongrui Ding
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mineral Environmental Function, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
Fang Mei
Affiliation:
Pathology Department, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center of Peking University, Beijing100083, China
Jianying Liu
Affiliation:
Pathology Department, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center of Peking University, Beijing100083, China
Kang Li
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing100730, China
Chongqing Yang
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing100730, China
Jingyun Du
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology, Yidu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei, 443300, China
Yanzhang Li
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mineral Environmental Function, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
*
*Authors for correspondence: Yan Li, Email: liyan-pku@pku.edu.cn; Anhuai Lu, Email: ahlu@pku.edu.cn
*Authors for correspondence: Yan Li, Email: liyan-pku@pku.edu.cn; Anhuai Lu, Email: ahlu@pku.edu.cn
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Abstract

Calcification within breast cancer is a diagnostically significant radiological feature that generally consists of hydroxylapatite. Samples from 30 cases of breast carcinoma with calcification were investigated using optical microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission-electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence. Under optical microscopy, the calcifications were found to consist of either irregular aggregates with widths > 200 μm or spherical aggregates similar to psammoma bodies with an average diameter of 30 μm. Transmission-electron microscopy showed that short columnar or dumbbell-shaped crystals with widths of 10–15 nm and lengths of 20–50 nm were the most common morphology; spherical aggregates (~1 μm in diameter) with amorphous coatings of fibrous nanocrystals were also observed. Results indicated that hydroxylapatite was the dominant mineral phase in the calcifications, and both CO32– and cation substitutions (Na, Mg, Zn, Fe, Sr, Cu and Mn) were present in the hydroxylapatite structure. Fourier-transform infrared spectra show peaks at 872 and 880 cm–1 indicating that CO32– substituted both the OH– (A type) and PO43– (B type) sites of hydroxylapatite, making it an A and B mixed type. The ratio of B- to A-type substitution was estimated in the range of 1.1–18.7 from the ratio of peak intensities (I872/I880), accompanied with CO32– contents from 1.1% to 14.5%. Trace arsenic, detected in situ by synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence was found to be distributed uniformly in the calcifications in the form of AsO43– substituting for PO43–. It is therefore proposed that identifying these trace elements in breast cancer calcifications may be promising for future clinical diagnostics.

Keywords

breast carcinomahydroxylapatitecarbonatebioapatiteisomorphic substitutiontrace elementB-type substitution
Type
Article
Information
Mineralogical Magazine , Volume 85 , Issue 3 , June 2021 , pp. 321 - 331
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland

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Footnotes

†

The first two authors contributed equally to this paper.

Associate Editor: Runliang Zhu

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