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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 December 2020
In dealing with the non-Latin stratum of the Hispanic lexicon, the Romance linguist is rarely prepared to reach definitive conclusions with respect to the etymology. His is primarily the duty of assembling the cognates, doublets, and derivatives, of determining the configuration of the word family, of establishing the range of meanings, of discovering, in figurative use, the underlying images. By linking widely disseminated reflexes and combining scattered relics of an ancient word into an organic whole, he implicitly rules out untenable etymological bases, narrows down the choice of plausible solutions, and passes on a carefully classified set of data to a fellow scholar who may have the competence to integrate the unknown word family into a lexical system familiar to him, be it Iberian, Celtic, Visigothic, or Arabic. The fruitfulness of this preliminary analysis and systematization may be illustrated with the case of Spanish desmoronar, Portuguese esb(o)roar “to crumble.”
1 S. de Covarrubias Orozco, Tesoro de la lengua castellana espanola, 2nd ed. (Madrid, 1673–74); see also John M. Hill's Index Verborum (Bloomington, 1921).
2 Diccionario de etimologias de la lengua castellana, ed. J. P. Ayegui, 2 v. (Madrid, 1837).
3 R. Academia Espaûola, Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 6 v. (Madrid, 1726-39), m, 199b.
4 Diccionario etimologico de la lengua castellana (Buenos Aires, 1941), p. 600; reprint of the 1881 edition; 1st ed., 1856.
5 Diccionario general etimologico de la lengua española, 5 v. (Madrid, 1887-89), ii, 756b. Echegaray's predecessor, R. Barcia, retraced the verb to des- plus moronia (ii, 136).
6 A. de Pages and J. Pérez Hervâs, Gran diccionario de la lengua espanola, 5 v. (Madrid, 1902-30), ii, 758b.
7 Diccionario de chilenismos y de otras voces y locuciones viciosas, 5 v. (Santiago, 1901-18), ii, 99a.
8 Diciondrio Etimologico da Lingua Portuguesa (Rio de Janeiro, 1932), p. 241b. 9 See 12thed. (1884), p. 370c; 16thed. (1936), p. 443c.
10 E. Zerolo, M. de Toro y Gomez, and E. Isaza, Diccionario enciclopêdico, . ed. (Paris, n.d.),i, 832b.
11 It is defined as “montecillo de tierra” by the Academy Dictionary; older renditions include “mote de terre” (C. Oudin, 1607) and “a little hillock” (J. Stevens, 1726; copied by P. Pineda, 1740).
12 “Die epizonen Nomina auf -a(s) in den iberischen Sprachen”, in E. Gamillscheg and L. Spitzer, Beitrage zur romanischen Wortbildungslehre, Bibl. dell' “Arch. Roman.” ii, ii (Geneva, 1921), p. 89. A link is established between Sp. moron “monticle”andPtg. mouroço, morouço “heap of stones.”
13 Romanisches etymologisches Worterbuch, 3rd ed. (Heidelberg, 1935), No. 5438, with further reference to Ptg. mourâo “vineprop”, to Leon, morena “heap of faggots”, as identified by F. Kruger, El dialecto de San Cipridn de Sanabria: monografta leonesa (Madrid, 1923), p. 126a; Astorg. morena “sheaf” (Alonso Garrote), also observed by Vergara Martin in the vicinity of Burgos and Santander; cf. Marag. amorenar “to pile up sheaves”, recorded by J. Alemany Bolufer, BRAE, II (1915), 629.
14 Bulletin de dialectologie romane, iii, 11 (not accessible to me).
15 Rom. etym. Wlb., 3rd ed., No. 5673a; quoted henceforth as REW3. The 1st ed. (Heidelberg, 1920) contained no pertinent references.
16 The Academy Dictionary (1936), pp. 865b, 866b, classes moron with morena “montón de mieses; monton formado por acumulación de piedras.” Yet the first acceptation of morena seems to be native to Spain; the second, in all likelihood, is merely an imitation of Fr. moraine.
17 Etymologisches Wörterbuch der romanischen Sprachen (Bonn, 1853), pp. 232, 514; 5th ed., rev. by A. Scheler (Bonn, 1887), pp. 217, 470; cf. the comment by Meyer-Lübke (REWS, No. 5672) : “1st wegen -u- zweifelhaft, auch diirfte dieses muru mit dem aus dem Lateinischen [entlehnten] muru ‘Mauer’ identisch sein.”
18 Lateinisch-romanisches Worterbuch (Paderborn, 1891), Nos. 5482, 5493; 2nd and 3rd ed. (Paderborn, 1897; 1907), Nos. 6379, 6394.
19 “Romano-Baskisches”, ZRPh, xxxvi (1912), 37: “es würde eigentlich etwas rundlich Hervorstechendes bedeuten.”
20 REW3, No. 5672, s. v. murru: “Sp. moron ‘Hiigel’ kann begrifflich hierher nicht gehören, fàllt aber [auch] mit -r- statt -rr- auf.”
21 A good study on the phenomenon of regression in Ibero-Romance is the note by V. Garcia de Diego, “Formas regresivas, ”MP, xvi (1918-19), 579–584, which deals with Latin formations in -itlus mistaken for diminutives.
22 Judging by the absence of the word from the index.
23 No reference was found in J. U. Jarnik, Neuer vollstandiger Index zu Diez' Etymolo-gischem Worterbuche (Heilbronn, 1889).
24 All three editions of the Lateinisch-romanisches Worterbuch have been consulted.
25 For full bibliography, see Nascentes, Dicionârio Etimolôgico, p. 241b.
26 The (tacitly accepted) evidence on which this assumption is based may well be the presence of intervocalic -n-, infrequently found in words native to the West of the Iberian Peninsula. See C. de Figueiredo, Novo Dicionârio da Lingua Portuguesa, 4th ed., 2 v. (Lisbon, 1925), i, 635b.
27 “Datos sobre el habla popular de Méjico”, in El español en Mêjico, en los Estados Unidos y la America Central (Buenos Aires, 1938), p. 299.
28 Cuestionario lingitlstico hispanoamericano : fonética, morfologia, sintaxis (Buenos Aires, 1943), p. 32.
29 El espanol que se habla en Yucatan (Mérida, 1945), pp. 34, 104.
30 Eldialecto vulgar salmantino (Salamanca, 1915), p. 385.
31 Apuntaciones criticas sobre el lenguaje bogotano, 6thed. (Paris, 1914), p. 634.
32 Vocabulario de palabras usadas en Álava (Madrid, 1903), p. 104.
33 A. Battes Jâuregui, Vicios del lenguaje y provincialismos de Guatemala (Guatemala, 1892), p. 247.
34 Nascentes, Dicionârio Etimolôgico, p. 284b; L. Freire, Grande e Novissimo Dicionârio da Lingua Portuguesa (Rio de Janeiro, 1940–4), p. 2246b.
35 REW3, No. 1280. Braup is not characterized as hypothetical by means of starring. Ast. borrua and Gal. borroa are quoted (from unspecified sources) as related formations. In reality, the Galician form is boroa.
36 PMLA, LXI (1946), 584. The only helpful bit of information in this otherwise inadequate note is the comparison (on semantic grounds) drawn with Engl, crumb {of bread) > to crumble. The note has been reprinted in C. C. Rice, Romance Etymologies and Other Studies (Chapel Hill, 1946), p. 86.
37 Grande e Novissimo Dicionário, p. 1099a.
38 Romania Germanica: Sprack- und Siedlungsgeschichte der Germanen auf dem Boden des alien Romerreiches, 3 v. (Berlin and Leipzig, 1934-36), i, 382. Goth, braup, an alleged cognate to Olcel. braud, OE bread, is expressly marked as a reconstruction, then rejected on account of its inverisimilitude.
39 Vergleichendes Wbrterbuch der gotischen Sprache mit Einschluss des Krimgotischen, 3rd ed. (Leiden, 1939), p. 106b.
40 Thus, the Diccionario Enciclopêdico, I, 403b, and the Diccionario Eistôrico (Madrid, 1933–36), ii, 310b, retrace borona to either bron or bara, Celtic formations signifying “bread.” Celtic and Illyrian, incidentally, also know the permutation of initial labials (information kindly supplied by J. H. Bonfante).
41 There exists at present a considerable body of literature on the permutation of initial labials; see my article, “The Etymology of Hispanic vel (l) ido and melindre”, Language, xxii (1946), 291–292, and my forthcoming essays on marana and marrano. Here are a few additional data. The word-list in Â. W. Munthe, Anteckningar om folkmålel i en Iraki af Vestra Asturien (Upsala, 1887), contains items like murcazur burcazubruz “bird of prey”; mitichur bitichu “muzzle preventing a calf from sucking” (I owe the translations from the Swedish original to Dr. E. S. Morby). See also P. de Mugica, Dialectes castellanos: montante, Vizcaino, aragonês (Berlin, 1892), pp. 47-48; M. A. Roman, Diccionario de chilenismos, ii, 99a (bojiganga mojiganga; bojicones [Salas Barbadillo] mojicones; Moni Boni [facio]); V. Garcia de Diego, Elementos de gramática histórica gallega (Burgos, [1909]), pp. 33, 35: macallaiv^bacalao, morra^borra, monifate bonijate; idem, Elementos de gramâtica histôrica castellana (Burgos, 1914) p. 38: miluano>milano, vulg. bilano; ∗bifidu>befo, vulg. mefo; F. Kriiger, Studien zur Lautgeschichte westspanischer Mundarten (Hamburg, 1914), p. 162: vapores>mapores; A. M. Espinosa, A. Alonso, and A. Rosenblat, El espanol en Nuevo Méjico, BDHA, i (Buenos Aires, 1930), 152–153, with data on bermejo mermejo, buñigar muñiga; P. Sánchez Sevilla, “El habla de Cespedosa de Tormes”, RFE, xv (1928), 147:menique benique; milano bilano; ∗bouinlca>moniga, moniguero, esmonigar, monigal; D. Alonso, “Représentantes no sincopados de ∗rolulâre”, RFE, xxvii (1943), 172–174; R. Menéndez Pidal, Manual de gramática histárica española (Madrid, 1941), p. 201 : albondiga almóndiga.
42 Desmoronar happens to have equal range and frequency numbers in Spanish (namely 6), according to the computation of M. A. Buchanan, A Graded Spanish Word Book, 2nd ed. (Toronto, 1929), p. 132.
43 Here is the definition of the Academy Dictionary (1936), p. 443c: “1. tr. deshacer y arruinar poco a poco los edificios, y también las aglomeraciones de substancias de más menos cohesion; 2. refl. fig. venir a menos, irse destruyendo los imperios, los caudales, el crédito, etc.”
44 It is absent from C. de las Casas (1570) and A. Sanchez de la Ballesta (1587). C. Oudin (1607) : “esmier et deffaire peu à peu comme une muraille, soit avec la main ou autrement et de soy-mesme, estant vieille, esbouler”; Percivale-Minsheu (2nd éd., 1623) : “to pull down a wall or hill, to dismure, or lay without walls”; L. Franciosini (1636; 1st éd., 1620): desmoronarse la muralla la pared “scalcinarsi, disfarsi, cadere a poco a poco qualche pezzetto di sasso calcinaccio dalla muraglia”; desmoronar la tierra “trittare, spezzare i mozzi délia terra”; J. Stevens (1726) and P. Pineda (1740) : “to moulder away.”
45 More important than the consultation, with negative results, of available (in part unpublished) glossaries by R. Menéndez Pidal, V. R. B. Oelschlâger, R. Lanchetas, R. M. Pérez, H. B. Richardson, Y. Ten Cate, and others is the fact that the indefatigable researcher, Cuervo, concedes not having identified desmoronar in texts earlier than the middle of the sixteenth century. It is unfortunate that Cuervo should not have included his findings in the second volume of the Diccionario de construccion y rêgimen de la lengua castellana (Paris, 1893).
46 El Simbolo de la Fe, book, ch. xviii: “Para que la tierra que se podria desmoronar no ciegue su casa y lasentierre vivas” {Diccionario de Autoridades, ni, 199b).
47 Vida de San Jerônimo, part vi, ch. ii: “Ninguna côsa hay de mano ni arte hecha que no lo desmorone la vejez” (ibid.).
48 Panegiricos: “Porque introducirle necessitado de ministros, es desmoronarle la omni-potencia” (ibid.).
49 “Al primer golpe del pico se desmorona”; quoted by Pe. J. Mir y Noguera, Frases de los autores clâsicos espanoles (Madrid, 1899), p. 245.
50 “Una china desmoronada de la muerte toco en la tierra, y cayó la estatua toda” (Diccionario de Autoridades, iii, 199b).
51 Novelas ejemplares: “A mi no me mueven promessas, ni me desmoronan dâdivas, ni me inclinan sumissiones, ni me espantan finezas enamoradas” (Diccionario de Autoridades, loc. cit.). Pages, Gran diccionario, ii, 758b, quotes from an unspecified work of the same writer: “Volvió a salir donde estaba el jumento, y con una piedra comenzo a desmoronar la tierra del agujero.” The passage occurs in Don Quijote, part ii, ch. lv; see the edition by Schevill and Bonifia, iv, 202.
52 Las Musas (1648) : “Miré los muros de la patria mia, / si un tiempo firmes, ya desmo-ronados” (Diccionario de Autoridades, loc. cit.).
53 “Estos desmoronados edificios, / informes masas que el arado rompe, / … la gloria acuerdan / del pueblo ilustre de Quirino” (Pages).
54 “Huyendo del enemigo, vinieron sus misérables restos a acabar de desmoronarse en Cádiz” (Pagés). The same lexicon offers a quotation from A. Oliván y Borruel (1796–1878) : “Si tornado un terrón, mojado y amasado entre los dedos, se deja secar al sol, ha de ofrecer alguna resistencia para deshacerse y desmoronarse.”
55 *. J. Mir y Noguera, Rebusco de voces castizas (Madrid, 1907), pp. 271–272, and F. Rodriguez Marin, Dos mil quinientas voces castizas y bien autorizadas que piden lugar en nuestro Uxico (Madrid, 1922), p. 126, offer the following passage : “Que el señorio de grandes y torreadas ciudades, la gruessa y lucida hazienda, la mayor gloria del mundo … todo esso está sobre barro, que es un polvo amassado y f ácilmente desmoronable.”
56 “Que en nuestro lenguaje xacarandino seria decirle : Acuérdate que tu cuerpo es terreno y desmoronadizo” (Diccionario de Autoridades, m, 199b). The same sentence is attributed by Pages (ii, 758b) to Fr. Andrés Pérez de Leon, without mention of the work, which is of disputed authorship.
57 See i, 651b (the volume was published in the year 1786).
58 “Esta salida era la résultante de algo asi como desmoronamiento de una colosal muralla construida por titanes para escalar nue vamente el cielo” (Pages, ii, 758b).
59 “Un estanque,convertido en lago por el desmoronamiento de los sillares que lo aprisio-naban, reproducia como un espejo negro las oscuras masas del f rondoso arbolado” {ibid.).
60 F. J. Santamaria, Diccionario general de américanismes, 3 v. (Mexico, 1942), i, 569a.
61 Ibid., ii, 300b.
62 Fr. Domingos Vieira, Grande Dicionârio Português ou Tesouro da Lingua Portuguesa, 5 v., ii, 908b: “terra, terreno desmoronadiço”; see also Caldas Aulete, 2nd éd., I, 702b; L. Freire, p. 1879b.
63 Caldas Aulete and L. Freire, loc. cit.
64 L. Freire, p. 2305.
65 Ibid., p. 1879b: “A ceifar tanta vida desbotada na peleja das fanâticas tradiçóes e na desmoronaçâo dos medonhos padrôes de tirania.”
66 See the material collected in Hispanic Review, XII (1944), 61–62.
67 Freire, Grande e Novissimo Diciondrio, p. 1879b, illustrates this construction as follows: “A um velho eu nao falaria : velho é um edificio em ruinas, qualquer vento derruba, uma lâgrima pode desmoronâ-lo” (C. Neto); “esta so consideraçâo desmorona todo edificio de Salva” (0. Mendes); “a sociedade, no meio dos golpes que de tôda a parte, e quase a um tempo, a estavam desmoronando, nâo podia absolver-se da imensa responsabilidade que ha via contraido neste ponto” (Rebêlo da Silva). Expressly labeled as a word of Castilian ancestry, not yet universally accepted by speakers of Portuguese, by Rafael Bluteau (1713).
68 Freire, loc. cit.: “ que tantos séculos de vivas crenças levantaram, bastariam poucos anos de negligência para deixar cair e desmoronar?” (Rebêlo da Silva); “aos seus repetidos golpes foram desmoronando tôdas as tradiçôes, todos os prestfgios, todas as inviolabilidades sociais, os verdadeiros esteios e contrafortes de todos os regimes que nâo confiam no papel das constituïçôes” (Rui [Barbosa]).
69 Fr. Domingos Vieira, n, 908b: “Desmorona-se uma instituïçâo quando lhe minam os alicerces.”
70 On the relatively sparing use of the reflexive pronoun in Portuguese, see my essay: “Atristar—entristecer: Adjectival Verbs in Spanish, Portuguese, and Catalan”, St. in Phil., XXXVIII (1941), 454–61.
71 R. Bluteau uses the example : “Este monte de terra se vai desmoronando.”
72 The kinship between boroa and broa was noticed as early as C. Michaé'lis de Vasconcelos, Studien zur romanischen Wortschbpjung (Leipzig, 1876), p. 281b.
73 Is Canar. morona “entangled hair” a cross of borona and marana? See L. and A. Mi-llares, Léxico de Gran Canaria (Las Palmas, 1922), p. 119.
74 J. Cuveiro PiSol, Diccionario gallego (Barcelona, 1876), p. 45b; unfortunately, the dictionary of Nunez Valladares is not accessible to me.
75 The verb bornear in Spanish and Portuguese has been known to lexicographers for ' over two centuries; P. Pineda lists it as meaning “to bend by heating at the fire or otherwise”, while R. Bluteau classes it as a term of artillery (“fazer a pontaria”). The idea of “turning” and “twisting” seems to be central to the following acceptations: Ast. bornear “trabajar la bola”: Garcia-Lomas, Estudio del dialecto popular montaûês, p. 87; J. Gonzalez Campuzano and E. de Huidobro, “Apuntes para un vocabulario montanés”, BBMP, ii (1920), 9: bornear “tornear, trabajar la bola haciéndola girar sobre si, en el juego de bolos, para darle efecto”; Sal. bornear, borlear “hacer mudanzas y figuras con los pies en el baile”, see J. de Lamano y Beneite, El dialecto vulgar salmantino (Salamanca, 1915), p. 292; J. Garcia Soriano, Vocabulario del dialecto murciano (Madrid, 1932), p. 19: bornear “pasear, dar vueltas”; A. Mateus, Riqueza de la lengua castellana y provincialismos ecuatorianos, 2nd ed. (Quito, 1933), p. 29. For a different etymological explanation, see L. Spitzer, Lexika-lisches aus dem Katalanischen und den übrigen iberoromanischen Sprachen (Geneva, 1921), p. 52.
76 L. Carré Alvarellos, Diccionario galego-castelân (Coruña, 1928), p. 276.
77 P. Pineda's dictionary (1740), s. v.
78 R. Bluteau: “saco de pano, em que os cavallos comem a cevada na campanha.”
79 R. Academia Gallega, Diccionario gallego-castellano (Coruña, 1913), p. 334b.
80 R. J. Cuervo, Apunlaciones criticas sobre el lenguaje bogotano, 6th ed. (Paris, 1914), p. 634, claimed somewhat rashly that borona, morona were primitives arrived at through false regression from desboronar, desmoronar on the analogy of desmigajar migaja, desmigar miga.
81 The Diccionario Hislórico, ii, 310b, quotes the following passage from E. de Garibay y Zamalloa (1533-99), Compendio historial de las cránicas (1571), ii, fol. 1367: “Queriendo en este afio talar en el circuito de Granada los panizos, que de otra manera llaman mijo borona.”
82 See ibid, for a reference to M. Colmeiro (1816–1901), Enumeration de las plantas de la peninsula hispano-lusitana e islas Baléares (1885), v, 264.
83 See ibid, for a reference to the same botanical encyclopedia. The name borona is denned by Colmeiro as peculiar to the language of Vizcaya; panizo is said to prevail in Baza, in the east of the province of Granada. A. Oliván y Borruel, Manual de agricultura (1866), ch. xx, extends the use of the term borona to the Basque territory in its entirety. The Diccionario Histórico, s.v., quotes the following passage from the Fueros de Vizcaya, tit. 35, ley 3: “Pueda llebar por moler cada anega de trigo borona, cinco libras y no más.” Rather strange is the comment by C. Oudin (1607) : “Une sorte de grain en la Chine, dont on fait du pain bien bis”, echoed by A. de La Porte (Antwerp, 1659) : “Graen in China daremen heel with broot afbackt” and Captain John Stevens (London, 1726) : “A sort of grain in China, which makes brown bread.”
84 See the brilliant essay, “Papa y batata”, by P. Henriquez Ureña in his book Para la historia delosindigenismos (Buenos Aires, 1938), pp. 15–58.
85 Cf. Leonardo Olschki, Storia letteraria delle scoperte geografiche: studi e ricerche (Florence, 1937), pp. 11–55.
86 In addition to the sources cited in note 83, consult E. de Arriaga, Lexicon etimologico, naturalista y popular del bilbalno neto (Bilbao, 1896), p. 74: “Maiz y el pan y torta talo que se hace con su harina. Es poco usado f uera de nuestro pais.”
87 The Diccionario Histórico, s.v., quotes the following passage from BAE, L, 117: “Las clases que en cada territorio consumen pan de trigo y de centeno, borona pan de maiz.”
88 See ibid, for the quotation from De lal palo tal astilla, ch. I: “Pequenuco y escaso de borona es; pero el demonio me lleve si no me parece el mejor de la montafia.” G. A. García-Lomas y Garcia-Lomas, Estudio del dialecto popular montanês (San Sebastián, 1922), p. 87, quotes further passages: “Mientras pudo trabajar como obrera, ganaba la borona que co-mia”; “llévale un peazucu borona mojá en leche, pa que se entretenga.” Palacio Valdés also used borona in La aldea perdida; see A. Malaret, Diccionario de américanismes, 2nd ed. (San Juan de P. R., 1931), p. 75b.
89 B. Acevedo y Huelves and M. Fernandez y Fernández, Vocabulario del bable de occi-dente (Madrid, 1932), p. 37.
90 J. Cuveiro PiSol, Diccionario gallego, p. 45b.
91 C. Gagini, Diccionario de costarriqueñismos, 2nd ed. (San José de C. R., 1919), p. 74b.
92 According to Malaret, Diccionario de americanismos, 2nd ed., p. 75b. The presumable source of information was Picón Febres.
93 R. J. Cuervo, Apuntaciones crlticas, 6th ed., p. 634; R. Uribe U., Diccionario abreviado de galicismos, provincialismos y correcciones de lenguaje (Medellin, 1887), p. 140a.
94 The occurrence of borona in Tabasco is affirmed by F. Ramos y Duarte, Diccionario de mejicanismos, 2nd ed. (Mexico, 1898), p. 94, and vigorously denied by F. J. Santamaria, El provincialismo tabasqueno (Mexico, [1921]), p. 235. Yet in the latter's more recent Diccionario general de americanismos, 3 v. (Mexico, 1942), I, 227a, there is a somewhat confused passage vaguely reminiscent, toward the end, of Cuervo's interpretation: borona “miga, migaja, cosa apolvoreada como grano de polvo. Derivase talvez del bable borona … De desboronar, que es espafiol y que ha existido siempre, salió borona, como de despedazar salio pedazo.” The parallel drawn is singularly infelicitous, and the entire statement betrays the attitude of a layman innocent of any knowledge of linguistic reconstruction.
95 Garcia-Lomas y Garcia-Lomas, Estudio del dialecto montanês, p. 87.
96 Toro y Gisbert, BRAE, vii (1920), 313, quotes Pichardo as listing the word; in the copy available to me of E. Pichardo, Diccionario provincial de voces cubanas, 3rd ed. (Habana, 1862), no such reference is found. But see J. M. Macias, Diccionario cubano etimológico, critico, razonado y comprensivo, 2nd ed. (Coatepec, 1888), p. 187b.
97 Santamaría, Diccionario general de americanismos, i, 227a.
98 A. Malaret, Vocabulario de Puerto Rico (San Juan de P. R., 1937), p. 105b.
99 See J. M. Macias, Diccionario cubano, p. 187b.
100 The Diccionario Eistórico, ii, 310b, illustrates boronia thus: “!Vive Roque, canalla barretina, /que no habéis de gozar de la cazuela/llena de boronia y caldo prieto!” (Cervantes, Teatro [see Schevill and Bonilla's edition of Comedias y entremeses, ii, 126]); “no nos faltarân berengenas para poner un pucherito, aunque no haya para hacer una boronia” (Alvarado, Cartas, ed. 1813, vi, 153). The etymon is Ar. alburânîa; the word is not discussed by A. Steiger, Contribuciôn a la fonêlica del hispano-arabe y de los arabismos en el ibero-romdnico y el siciliano (Madrid, 1932). The meaning is defined thus by the Academy Dictionary: “guisado de berenjenas, tomate, calabaza y pimiento, todo mezclado y picado.”
101 The Diccionario Bislorico, i, 385b, quotes it from J. Valera's novel Dona Luz.
102 Moronia has been accepted by the Academy Dictionary (1936), p. 866c. Almoronia is listed in the Diccionario de Autoridades; the Diccionario Eistôrico, i, 472a, quotes it from D. Ramon de la Cruz.
103 Malaret, Diccionario de americanismes, 2nd ed., p. 75b.
104 Garcîa-Lomas y Garcia-Lomas, Estudio del dialecto montanês, p. 87; J. Gonzalez Cam-puzano and E. de Huidobro, BBMP, ii (1920), 9. The possible connection of these words with borondanga “conjunto de cosas diversas y que no ligan bien” (see C. Fontecha's glossary, p. 51) cannot be discussed here. A visibly unsatisfactory attempt to interpret the variant form morondanga has been made by Segl, “Spanische Etymologien”, ZRPh, XLII (1922), 106.
Another problem requiring special study is the possible connection of borona with brodio, bodrio, thus defined by the Academy Dictionary: “caldo con algunas sobras de sopa, men-drugos, verduras y legumbres, que de ordinario se daba a los pobres en las porterias de al-gunos conventos; guiso mal aderezado; sangre de cerdo mezclada con cebolla para embutir morcilla.” Brodio occurs in Quevedo (Clds. cast., v, 190); Cervantes used at least twice the derivative brodista “mendicant student”; see C. Fontecha, Glosario de voces comentadas (Madrid, 1940), p. 54.
105 F. Ramos y Duarte, Diccionario de mejicanismos, 2nd ed. (Mexico, 1898), p. 197, with reference to the state of Veracruz; a fantastic etymology of J. M. Macias is refuted. Also J. Garcia Icazbalceta, Vocabulario de mejicanismos (Mexico, 1899), p. 167b. In the vocabulary of Fr. Alonso de Molina (Mexico, 1571), there is a record of cacayaca “desbo-ronarse”; cacayachilia “desboronar desmigajar algo a otro”; see Ramos y Duarte, loc. cit., and Toro y Gisbert, BRAE, vu (1920), 313.
106 V. M. Suârez, El español que se habla en Yucátdn, p. 34.
107 C. Gagini, Diccionario de costarriquenismos, 2nd ed., p. 123a: desboronar el pan “des migajar, desmigar, desmenuzar.”
108 R. J. Cuervo, Apuntaciones criticas sobre el lenguaje bogotano, 6th ed., p. 634.
109 L. Segovia, Diccionario de argenlinismos: neologismos y barbarismes (Buenos Aires, 1911), p. 195b.
110 Z. Rodriguez, Diccionario de chilenismos (Santiago, 1875), p. 184; A. Echeverria y Reyes, Voces usadas en Chile (Santiago, 1900), p. 163; M. A. Roman, Diccionario de chilenismos y de otras voces y locuciones viciosas, 5 v. (Santiago, 1901–18), ii, 99a.
111 J. de Lamano y Beneite, El dialecte vulgar salmantino (Salamanca, 1915), p. 385. Notice that in the 14th ed. of the Academy Dictionary (1914), desboronar is marked as obsolete, while in the 15th (1925) and 16th (1936) editions it is listed without qualification, a change observed and criticized by Santamarîa, op. cit., 562b. Desboronar is registered by Monlau (ed. 1941, p. 588b) and by Pages (ii, 698a).
112 F. Barâibar y Zumârraga, Vocabulario de palabras usadas en Âlava (Madrid, 1903), p. 104.
113 Cuervo, Apuntaciones (1914), p. 634, refers to G. A. de Herrera, Agricullura general (Alcalâ, 1513), book rv, ch. ii, and to Fr. B. de las Casas, Apologética historia sumaria … destas Indias occidentales y méridionales, ch. xi. Garcia Icazbalceta, Vocabulario de mejica-nismos, p. 167b, quotes the following passage from J.Mendieta,ffis/oria ecclesiâstica Indiana (completed 1596), book ii, ch. vii: “Y para este efecto comenzaron a plantar la cepa, que hoy dia tiene al parecer de planta un tiro de ballesta, con haberse desboronado y deshecho mucha parte de ella.”
114 A. Sundheim, Vocabulario costeño lexicografia de la región septentrional de la República de Colombia (Paris, 1922), p. 226.
115 M. A. Roman, Diccionario de chilenismos, ii, 99a.
116 Ibid.
117 M. de Toro y Gisbert, “Reivindicacion de americanismos”, BRAE, vii (1920), 313, cites the older study by A. Cabrera and J. Alemany Bolufer, “Voces extremenas recogidas del habla vulgar de Alburquerque y su comarca”, BRAE, IV (1917), 86, where esboronarse is defined thus : “deshacerse, convertirse en polvo una cosa, y especialmente un terron de tierra”; notice the close resemblance, in meaning, to Ptg. esb(o)roarse. The following example is furnished: “No si sacamos un pastelon de tierra mu grande; pero al cogé-lo se nos esboronô tó.”
118 See Santamarîa, Diccionario general de americanismos, I, 615b.
119 A. de Rato y Hevia, Vocabulario de las palabras y frases babies (Madrid, 1891), p. 24.
120 El bable de Cabranes (Madrid, 1944), pp. 124, 190. B. Vigon, Vocabulario dialectológico del concejo de Colunga (Villaviciosa, 1896), p. 29, records boroñón “variedad de trigo redondillo” side by side with borona “pan de maíz”, boronu “panecillo de harina de maíz”, and boronu prenait “especie de empanada.”
121 Characteristic cases are ermitano ermitano, susano en susana, pa(s)lrana pa(s)-trana. The phenomenon will be discussed circumstantially in the forthcoming article on OSp. fazaña, accepted for publication in the Hispanic Review.
122 See R. Bluteau, s. v. (“páo de milho”) and L. Freire, Grande e Novissimo Dicionário, p. 1073b.
123 F. J. Caldas Aulete, Dicionârio Coniemporâneo da Lingua Portuguesa, 2nd ed., 2 v. (Lisbon, 1925), I, 334b: “Bolo de milho cozido no borralho ou na sertâ; bolo de farinha de milho muito fina, com mel, azeite e outros adubos, usado em Lisboa e outros pontos de Portugal pelo Natal.”
124 A. d. R. Gonçálvez Viana, Apostilas aos Dicionârios Portugueses, 2 v. (Lisbon, 1906), II, 221.
125 Caldas Aulete, loc. cit.
126 R. Bluteau defines esboroar thus: “fazer em p qualquer cousa levemente unida” and illustrates it with a translation of a passage from Quintus Curtius: “Um corvo que passava voando por cima deixou cair sobre a cabeça d'El-Rei um torrão de terra que todo se es-boroou” (the spelling has here been modernized). According to Fr. Domingos Vieira, Grande Dicionârio Português, iii, 242a, the term is fundamentally agricultural: “esboroar a terra com a enchada ou com a grade.” Vieira and Freire (op. cit., p. 2246b) quote the following examples: “Rebento muralhas, esboroo lagedos, alago avenidas” (C. Neto); “e meu meditar profundo, como céu, que se arqueia imovel sóbre nossas cabeças, como oceano que, firmando-se em pé no seu leito insondâvel, braceja pelas baias e enseadas, tentando esboroar e desfazer os continentes; e eu pude, enfim, chorar” (A. Herculano); “o imenso templo de Belo, a golpes de camartelo, pedra a pedra, se esboroa” (Paranapiacaba); “o terreno frouxo, minado pelas formigas, cortado de antigos sulcos de enxurradas, esboroava-se” (C. Neto); “olhei: o Calpe esboroava-se ao redor de mim” (Herculano). Yet other exam-pies are provided by C. Teschauer, Novo Diciondrio National, 2nd ed. (Porto Alegre, 1928), p. 367a. Here is L. Freire's definition: “reduzir a p6; esterroar; desfazer, desmoronar; es-barrondar.” Notice that, in contradistinction to desmoronar in Portuguese, esboroar is constructed as a reflexive, not as an intransitive verb.
127 Caldas Aulete, Diciondrio Contemporáneo (1925), i, 881b, quotes: “O terreno de-crépito se lhes esboroava debaixo dos pes.”
128 The two words are listed by Caldas Aulete, I, 881b, and Freire, p. 2246b. The former is illustrated by Freire with a passage from Rui Barbosa: “Apontando no seu esboroamento efeito direto da pressáo das energias populares.” Fr. D. Vieira, Grande Diciondrio Portu-guês, iii, 242a, manufactures the following sentence: “ O esboroamento da terra desenvolve poderosamente a vegetaçáo.”
129 Fr. D. Vieira, n, 816c: “A parede, a pedra, tijolo, se desboroam”; see also Caldas Aulete, I, 668b; L. Freire, p. 1801b.
130 Some American-Spanish words in escan, indeed, be graced to the West of the Iberian Peninsula; on esmorecerse, see J. Corominas, Indianoromanica (Buenos Aires, 1944), p. 87.
131 The Diccionario Eistôrico, ii, 365b, defines broa as “especie de galleta bizcocho, pan de maiz”, documenting it from D. de Torres Villarroel's Obras, ed. 1794, x, 288: “Y después de haber hecho el medio dia con unos trabajos de legumbres salcochadas y unos mendrugos de la broa.” Torres Villarroel (1683–1770) was born in Salamanca and is repeatedly quoted by J. de Lamano y Beneite in his regional glossary.
132 C. Gagini, Diccionario de costarriqueñismos (1919), p. 76.
133 B. de Villalba y Estana, El pelegrino curioso y grandezas de Espana, ed. P. de Gayan-gos, 2 v. (Madrid, 1886-89), n, 58.1 owe this reference to C. Fontecha's glossary.
134 Caldas Aulete, I, 347a; Freire, p. 1099a.
136 Passages from Alberto Camino, A Béldrica, and from the anonymous MS A Ruada are quoted in the Galician Academy's Diccionario gallego-castellano, p. 348b.
136 Cf. the detailed description by Cuveiro Piñol, Diccionario gallego, p. 45b: “Broa, brona y borona, pan de maíz y de mezcla, en que entra maiz, centeno, mijo menudo y panizo : este pan, cuando tiene mezcla en partes conveniences y que no está demasiado fermentadoy cocido con cuidado, esto es, que no saiga crudo ni achicharrado, no deja de ser sustan-cioso y sano; las proporciones buenas de la mezcla son: para cuatro ferrados de la mezcla de centeno, dos de maiz y uno de mijo menudo y panizo.”
137 Acevedo and Fernandez, op. cit., p. 39: broazo “los racimos y uvas pisadas en el triyon antes de ser esparcidas en el lagar.”
138 Caldas Aulete, Dicionário Contemporáneo (1925), i, 348a.
139 Diccionario gallego-castettano (1913—), p. 349a.
140 Caldas Aulete, loc cit.
141 L. Freire, Grande e Novîssimo Dicionário, p. 2247b, quotes the following examples: “E ao som tremente do terrivel bronze Malaca esbroa os muros” (A. Garrett, 1799-1854); “a torrente que escalva e esbroa a terra” (Porto Alegre); “ao sôpro do simum turbilhonando as pesadasesfinges se esbroaram” (idem).
142 V. Garcia de Diego, Mementos de gramática histárica gallega, p. 183.
143 L. Freire, p. 1802b, without documentation.
144 C. Teschauer, Novo Dicionário National (1928), p. 278b, who speaks explicitly of the “interior of the state of S. Paulo”, not affected by the Portuguese (and Italian) superstratum.
145 M. de Toro y Gisbert, “Voces andaluzas usadas por autores andaluces que faltan en el Diccionario de la Academia Espanola”, KB, XLIX (1920), 512, quotes from a retahila de chicos the following quatrain: “Al que se muere lo entierran, / lo entierran en los morones; / del moron sale la uva, / y de las uvas el vino.” This use is reminiscent of Algarv. moráo and the underlying base may be môrum. Another example given by Toro y Gisbert is less transparent.
146 G. Sachs, El libro de los caballos: tratado de albeileria del siglo XIII (Madrid, 1936), pp. 138–139.
147 According to a (manuscript) glossary by F. de Onis consulted by G. Sachs in Madrid.
148 See Lamano y Beneite, El dialecto vulgar salmantino, p. 544.
149 Môrum is a word going back to a prehistorical Mediterranean substratum, much like ficus “fig”; see Ernout-Meillet, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine, 2nd ed. (Paris, 1939), p. 633.
150 Freire, p. 3493b.
151 A. Alcalá Venceslada, Vocabulario andaluz (Andûjar, 1933), pp. 270–271: manzanilla de moron “variedad de aceituna manzanilla más desabrida, basta y de mayor hueso que la légitima manzanilla sevillana.”
152 Garcia-Lomas y Garcia-Lomas, Estudio del dialecto montañês, p. 245.
153 Lamano y Beneite, loc. cit.
154 Professor Tomás Navarro, in reading the manuscript of this study, has kindly drawn my attention to the toponymie material.