This paper is concerned with non-trivial solvability in $p$-adic integers of systems of two and three additive forms. Assuming that the congruence equation $a x^k + b y^k + c z^k \equiv d \,(\mbox{mod}\,p)$ has a solution with $xyz \not\equiv 0\,(\mbox{mod}\,p)$ we have proved that any system of two additive forms of odd degree $k$ with at least $6 k + 1$ variables, and any system of three additive forms of odd degree $k$ with at least $14 k + 1$ variables always has non-trivial $p$-adic solutions, provided $p$ does not divide $k$. The assumption of the solubility of the congruence equation above is guaranteed for example if $p > k^4$.

In the particular case of degree $k = 5$ we have proved the following results. Any system of two additive forms with at least $n$ variables always has non-trivial $p$-adic solutions provided $n \geq 31$ and $p > 101$ or $n \geq 36$ and $p > 11$. Furthermore any system of three additive forms with at least $n$ variables always has non-trivial $p$-adic solutions provided $n \geq 61$ and $p > 101$ or $n \geq 71$ and $p > 11$.

The second moment for the the distribution of $k$-free numbers into arithmetic progression is studied and the asymptotic formula of Hooley-Montgomery type is obtained for a wider range of values for the modulus than hitherto. In the special case of squarefree numbers this improves on the theorem of Warlimont from 1980.

We present two infinite families of generalized Lambert series identities, and deduce several known identities from them. They include an identity due to M. Jackson, a corollary of Ramanujan's $_1\psi_1$-summation formula, and a recent identity of G. E. Andrews, R. P. Lewis and Z.-G. Liu.

Let $F$ be a non-Archimedean local field, with the ring of integers $\mathfrak{o}_F$. Let $G = \mathrm{GL}_N(F)$, $K = \mathrm{GL}_N (\mathfrak{o}_F)$, and $\pi$ be a supercuspidal representation of $G$. We show that there exists a unique irreducible smooth representation $\tau$ of $K$, such that the restriction to $K$ of a smooth irreducible representation $\pi '$ of $G$ contains $\tau$ if and only if $\pi '$ is isomorphic to $\pi \otimes \chi \circ \det$, where $\chi$ is an unramified quasicharacter of $F^{\times}$. Moreover, we show that $\pi$ contains $\tau$ with the multiplicity 1. As a corollary we obtain a kind of inertial local Langlands correspondence.

The theory of mappings of finite distortion has arisen out of a need to extend the ideas and applications of the classical theory of quasiconformal mappings to the degenerate elliptic setting where one finds concrete applications in non-linear elasticity and the calculus of variations.

In this paper we initiate the study of extremal problems for mappings with finite distortion and extend the theory of extremal quasiconformal mappings by considering integral averages of the distortion function instead of its supremum norm. For instance, we show the following. Suppose that $f_o$ is a homeomorphism of the circle with $f_{o}^{-1} \in {\cal W}^{1/2, 2}$. Then there is a unique extremal extension to the disk which is a real analytic diffeomorphism with non-vanishing Jacobian determinant. The condition on $f_o$ is sharp.

Classically the mapping $f_o$ is assumed to be quasisymmetric. Then there is an extremal quasiconformal mapping with boundary values $f_o$, but it is not always unique and it is seldom smooth. Indeed, even when $f_o$ is quasisymmetric, the ${\cal L}^1$-minimiser for the distortion function will almost never be quasiconformal.

We further find that there are many new and unexpected phenomena concerning existence, uniqueness and regularity for these extremal problems where the functionals are polyconvex but typically not convex. These seem to differ markedly from phenomena observed when studying multi-well type functionals.

We study the operator $(\mathcal{L} u)(t) := u'(t) - A(t) u(t)$ on $L^p (\mathbb{R}; X)$ for sectorial operators $A(t)$, with $t \in \mathbb{R}$, on a Banach space $X$ that are asymptotically hyperbolic, satisfy the Acquistapace–Terreni conditions, and have the property of maximal $L^p$-regularity. We establish optimal regularity on the time interval $\mathbb{R}$ showing that $\mathcal{L}$ is closed on its minimal domain. We further give conditions for ensuring that $\mathcal{L}$ is a semi-Fredholm operator. The Fredholm property is shown to persist under $A(t)$-bounded perturbations, provided they are compact or have small $A(t)$-bounds. We apply our results to parabolic systems and to generalized Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operators.

We introduce the concept of a distributional resolvent linear system and solve the linear quadratic optimal control problem for this class of systems. The class of distributional resolvent linear systems includes all linear time-invariant systems that have been studied in the control literature.

We show connections with integrated semigroups and distribution semigroups and we consider some examples of systems described by partial differential equations that could not be handled by the existing theory.

Let $V$ denote the classical Volterra operator. In this work, sharp estimates of the norm of $(I - V)^n$ acting on $L^p [0, 1]$, for $1 \leq p \leq \infty$, are obtained. As a consequence, $I - V$ acting on $L^p [0, 1]$, with $1 \leq p \leq \infty$, is power bounded if and only if $p = 2$. Thus the Volterra operator characterizes when $L^p [0, 1]$ is a Hilbert space. By means of sharp estimates of the $L^1$-norm of the $n$th partial sums of the generating function of the Laguerre polynomials on the unit circle, it is also proved that <formula form="inline" disc="math" id="frm012"><formtex notation="AMSTeX">$I - V$ is uniformly Kreiss bounded on the spaces $L^p [0,1]$, for $1 \leq p \leq \infty$.

A bounded linear operator $T$ on a Banach space is said to be Kreiss bounded if there is a constant $C > 0$ such that $\Vert (T - \lambda)^{-1} \Vert \leq C( | \lambda | - 1)^{-1}$ for $| \lambda | > 1$. If the same upper estimate holds for each of the partial sums of the resolvent, then $T$ is said to be uniformly Kreiss bounded. This is, for instance, true for power bounded operators. For finite-dimensional Banach spaces, Kreiss' Matrix Theorem asserts that Kreiss boundedness is equivalent to $T$ being power bounded. Thus, in the infinite-dimensional setting, even a much stronger property than Kreiss boundedness still does not imply power boundedness. It is also shown that, for general operators, uniform Abel boundedness characterizes Cesàro boundedness and, as a consequence, uniform Kreiss boundedness is characterized in terms of a Cesàro type boundedness of order 1.

A Banach space $X$ is said to be sequentially unconditional if every Schauder basic sequence has an unconditional subsequence. We provide an example of a reflexive Banach space $X_{isu}$ which is sequentially unconditional and such that every $T \in \mathcal{L}(X_{isu})$ is a strictly singular perturbation of a multiple of the identity. The space $X_{isu}$ belongs to the class of Banach spaces with saturated and conditional structure. Constructing $X_{isu}$ we follow the general scheme invented by W. T. Gowers and B. Maurey in their celebrated construction of a Hereditarily Indecomposable Banach space. The new ingredient concerns the definition of the special (conditional) functionals. For this we use a non-injective coding function $\sigma$ in conjunction with a Baire-like property of a sequence of countable trees stated and proved in the present paper. It is worth mentioning that $X_{isu}$ admits a richer unconditional structure than classical spaces like $L^1(0,1)$ and it remains unsettled whether $X_{isu}$ is a subspace of a Banach space with an unconditional basis.