This paper is concerned with non-trivial solvability in $p$-adic integers of systems of two and three additive forms. Assuming that the congruence equation $a x^k + b y^k + c z^k \equiv d \,(\mbox{mod}\,p)$ has a solution with $xyz \not\equiv 0\,(\mbox{mod}\,p)$ we have proved that any system of two additive forms of odd degree $k$ with at least $6 k + 1$ variables, and any system of three additive forms of odd degree $k$ with at least $14 k + 1$ variables always has non-trivial $p$-adic solutions, provided $p$ does not divide $k$. The assumption of the solubility of the congruence equation above is guaranteed for example if $p > k^4$.

In the particular case of degree $k = 5$ we have proved the following results. Any system of two additive forms with at least $n$ variables always has non-trivial $p$-adic solutions provided $n \geq 31$ and $p > 101$ or $n \geq 36$ and $p > 11$. Furthermore any system of three additive forms with at least $n$ variables always has non-trivial $p$-adic solutions provided $n \geq 61$ and $p > 101$ or $n \geq 71$ and $p > 11$.

We obtain new upper bounds for the number of integral solutions of a complete system of symmetric equations, which may be viewed as a multi-dimensional version of the system considered in Vinogradov's mean value theorem. We then use these bounds to obtain Weyl-type estimates for an associated exponential sum in several variables. Finally, we apply the Hardy–Littlewood method to obtain asymptotic formulas for the number of solutions of the Vinogradov-type system and also of a related system connected to the problem of finding linear spaces on hypersurfaces.

Let $X$ be a regular separated scheme of finite Krull dimension and let $U^{n}_{X} \subset A^{n}_{X}$ be the punctured affine $n$-space over $X$. We show that the total graded Witt ring of $U^{n}_{X}$ is a free graded module over the total graded Witt ring of $X$ with two generators $1$ and $\epsilon$. The second generator satisfies the equation $\epsilon^{2} = 1$ when $n = 1$ and $\epsilon^{2} = 0$ when $n \geq 2$.

We give a new heuristic for all of the main terms in the integral moments of various families of primitive $L$-functions. The results agree with previous conjectures for the leading order terms. Our conjectures also have an almost identical form to exact expressions for the corresponding moments of the characteristic polynomials of either unitary, orthogonal, or symplectic matrices, where the moments are defined by the appropriate group averages. This lends support to the idea that arithmetical $L$-functions have a spectral interpretation, and that their value distributions can be modelled using Random Matrix Theory. Numerical examples show good agreement with our conjectures.

The second moment for the the distribution of $k$-free numbers into arithmetic progression is studied and the asymptotic formula of Hooley-Montgomery type is obtained for a wider range of values for the modulus than hitherto. In the special case of squarefree numbers this improves on the theorem of Warlimont from 1980.

We study the global root number of the complex $L$-function of twists of elliptic curves over $\mathbb{Q}$ by real Artin representations. We obtain examples of elliptic curves over $\mathbb{Q}$ which, while not having any rational points of infinite order, conjecturally must have points of infinite order over the fields $\mathbb{Q}( \sqrt[3] {m} )$ for every cube-free $m > 1$. We describe analogous phenomena for elliptic curves over the fields $\mathbb{Q}( \sqrt[r] {m} )$, and in the towers $(\mathbb{Q}( \sqrt[r^n] {m})_{n \ge 1} )$ and $(\mathbb{Q}( \sqrt[r^n] {m}, \mu_{r^n})_{n \ge 1})$, where $r \ge 3$ is prime.

A $p$-local finite group consists of a finite $p$-group $S$, together with a pair of categories which encode ‘conjugacy’ relations among subgroups of $S$, and which are modelled on the fusion in a Sylow $p$-subgroup of a finite group. It contains enough information to define a classifying space which has many of the same properties as $p$-completed classifying spaces of finite groups. In this paper, we examine which subgroups control this structure. More precisely, we prove that the question of whether an abstract fusion system $\mathcal{F}$ over a finite $p$-group $S$ is saturated can be determined by just looking at smaller classes of subgroups of $S$. We also prove that the homotopy type of the classifying space of a given $p$-local finite group is independent of the family of subgroups used to define it, in the sense that it remains unchanged when that family ranges from the set of $\mathcal{F}$-centric $\mathcal{F}$-radical subgroups (at a minimum) to the set of $\mathcal{F}$-quasicentric subgroups (at a maximum). Finally, we look at constrained fusion systems, analogous to $p$-constrained finite groups, and prove that they in fact all arise from groups.

Let $K$ be the quotient field of a Dedekind domain $R$. We characterize the $R$-orders $\Lambda$ in a separable $K$-algebra for which every $R$-projective $\Lambda$-module decomposes into $\Lambda$-lattices. Butler, Campbell and Kovács have recently shown that the latter holds for the integral group ring of a cyclic group of prime order, as well as for lattice-finite orders over a complete discrete valuation domain.

We present two infinite families of generalized Lambert series identities, and deduce several known identities from them. They include an identity due to M. Jackson, a corollary of Ramanujan's $_1\psi_1$-summation formula, and a recent identity of G. E. Andrews, R. P. Lewis and Z.-G. Liu.

The purpose of this article is to determine the representation type for all of the Hecke algebras of classical type. To do this, we combine methods from our previous work, which is used to obtain information on their Gabriel quivers, and recent advances in the theory of finite-dimensional algebras. The principal computation is for Hecke algebras of type B with two parameters. Then, we show that the representation type of Hecke algebras is governed by their Poincaré polynomials.

Let $F$ be a non-Archimedean local field, with the ring of integers $\mathfrak{o}_F$. Let $G = \mathrm{GL}_N(F)$, $K = \mathrm{GL}_N (\mathfrak{o}_F)$, and $\pi$ be a supercuspidal representation of $G$. We show that there exists a unique irreducible smooth representation $\tau$ of $K$, such that the restriction to $K$ of a smooth irreducible representation $\pi '$ of $G$ contains $\tau$ if and only if $\pi '$ is isomorphic to $\pi \otimes \chi \circ \det$, where $\chi$ is an unramified quasicharacter of $F^{\times}$. Moreover, we show that $\pi$ contains $\tau$ with the multiplicity 1. As a corollary we obtain a kind of inertial local Langlands correspondence.

We prove that the $p$-Laplacian problem $-\Delta_p u = f(x, u)$, with $u \in W^{1, p}_0 (\Omega)$ on a bounded domain $\Omega \subset R^N$, with $p > 1$ arbitrary, has a nodal solution provided that $f : \Omega \times R \to R$ is subcritical, and $f(x, t) / |t|^{p - 2}$ is superlinear. Infinitely many nodal solutions are obtained if, in addition, $f(x, -t) = -f(x, t)$.

We study the Hausdorff dimensions of invariant sets for self-similar and self-affine iterated function systems in the Heisenberg group. In our principal result we obtain almost sure formulae for the dimensions of self-affine invariant sets, extending to the Heisenberg setting some results of Falconer and Solomyak in Euclidean space. As an application, we complete the proof of the comparison theorem for Euclidean and Heisenberg Hausdorff dimension initiated by Balogh, Rickly and Serra-Cassano.

The theory of mappings of finite distortion has arisen out of a need to extend the ideas and applications of the classical theory of quasiconformal mappings to the degenerate elliptic setting where one finds concrete applications in non-linear elasticity and the calculus of variations.

In this paper we initiate the study of extremal problems for mappings with finite distortion and extend the theory of extremal quasiconformal mappings by considering integral averages of the distortion function instead of its supremum norm. For instance, we show the following. Suppose that $f_o$ is a homeomorphism of the circle with $f_{o}^{-1} \in {\cal W}^{1/2, 2}$. Then there is a unique extremal extension to the disk which is a real analytic diffeomorphism with non-vanishing Jacobian determinant. The condition on $f_o$ is sharp.

Classically the mapping $f_o$ is assumed to be quasisymmetric. Then there is an extremal quasiconformal mapping with boundary values $f_o$, but it is not always unique and it is seldom smooth. Indeed, even when $f_o$ is quasisymmetric, the ${\cal L}^1$-minimiser for the distortion function will almost never be quasiconformal.

We further find that there are many new and unexpected phenomena concerning existence, uniqueness and regularity for these extremal problems where the functionals are polyconvex but typically not convex. These seem to differ markedly from phenomena observed when studying multi-well type functionals.

We study the rigidity problem for periodic orbits of (continuous) graph maps belonging to the same homotopy equivalence class. Since the underlying spaces are not necessarily homeomorphic, we define a new notion of pattern which enables us to compare periodic orbits of self-maps of homotopy-equivalent spaces. This definition unifies the known notions of pattern for other spaces. The two main results of the paper are as follows: given a free group endomorphism, we study the persistence under homotopy of the periodic orbits of its topological representatives, and in the irreducible case, we prove the minimality (within the homotopy class) of the set of periodic orbits of its efficient representatives.

We study the operator $(\mathcal{L} u)(t) := u'(t) - A(t) u(t)$ on $L^p (\mathbb{R}; X)$ for sectorial operators $A(t)$, with $t \in \mathbb{R}$, on a Banach space $X$ that are asymptotically hyperbolic, satisfy the Acquistapace–Terreni conditions, and have the property of maximal $L^p$-regularity. We establish optimal regularity on the time interval $\mathbb{R}$ showing that $\mathcal{L}$ is closed on its minimal domain. We further give conditions for ensuring that $\mathcal{L}$ is a semi-Fredholm operator. The Fredholm property is shown to persist under $A(t)$-bounded perturbations, provided they are compact or have small $A(t)$-bounds. We apply our results to parabolic systems and to generalized Ornstein–Uhlenbeck operators.

Let $G$ be a finite group. We classify $G$-equivariant flow equivalence of non-trivial irreducible shifts of finite type in terms of

(i) elementary equivalence of matrices over $ZG$ and

(ii) the conjugacy class in $ZG$ of the group of G-weights of cycles based at a fixed vertex.

In the case $G = Z/2$, we have the classification for twistwise flow equivalence. We include some algebraic results and examples related to the determination of $E(ZG)$ equivalence, which involves $K_1(ZG)$.

We give an example of an affinoid curve without analytic continuation. We use this to produce an example of an affinoid morphism that cannot be flattened by a finite sequence of local blow-ups. Thus the global rigid analogue of Hironaka's complex analytic flattening theorem given by T. Gardener and H. Schoutens, in Theorem 2.3 of ‘Flattening and subanalytic sets in rigid analytic geometry’, Proc. London Math. Soc (3) 83 (2001) 681–707, is not true. Since this is a key step in the proof of the affinoid elimination theorem (loc. cit. Theorem 3.12), that proof contains a serious gap. We also give an example of an affinoid subset of the plane that is not the image under a proper rigid analytic map of a set that is globally semianalytic in the domain of that map. This clarifies the relationship among several natural categories of rigid subanalytic sets.

Let $\Omega$ be a smooth bounded domain in ${R}^N$. We prove general uniqueness results for equations of the form $- \Delta u = au - b(x) f(u)$ in $\Omega$, subject to $u = \infty$ on $\partial \Omega$. Our uniqueness theorem is established in a setting involving Karamata's theory on regularly varying functions, which is used to relate the blow-up behavior of $u(x)$ with $f(u)$ and $b(x)$, where $b \equiv 0$ on $\partial \Omega$ and a certain ratio involving $b$ is bounded near $\partial \Omega$. A key step in our proof of uniqueness uses a modification of an iteration technique due to Safonov.

We introduce the concept of a distributional resolvent linear system and solve the linear quadratic optimal control problem for this class of systems. The class of distributional resolvent linear systems includes all linear time-invariant systems that have been studied in the control literature.

We show connections with integrated semigroups and distribution semigroups and we consider some examples of systems described by partial differential equations that could not be handled by the existing theory.