The early years of life are a critical period in the life cycle and adequate intakes of nutrients are essential for healthy growth and development. It has previously been reported that intakes of vitamin D are generally low in Irish children with 70–84 % of 1–4 year olds having intakes less than 5μg/d.( Reference Hennessy, Walton and McNulty 1 ) The objective of this analysis was to identify the dietary determinants of vitamin D intakes in 1–4 year old Irish children based on data from the National Pre-School Nutrition Survey (2010–2011) (www.iuna.net). A 4-day weighed food record was used to collect food intake data of 500 pre-school children. Analysis of dietary intake data was carried out using WISP© based on McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods( 2 ) and the Irish Foods Composition Database.( Reference Black, Ireland and Møller 3 ) The mean daily intake of vitamin D was 4·5, 3·7, 3·4 and 3·2μg/d for 1, 2, 3 and 4 year olds, respectively. On the basis of mean daily vitamin D intake, children were divided into three intake groups: low medium or high consumers, stratified by age. The food groups which accounted for the greatest proportion of the difference in intakes between the high (top third) and low (bottom third) consumers of vitamin D by age were identified.
GUM = Growing-up milks, IMF = Infant milk formula
The greatest difference in vitamin D intake between high and low consumers was observed for one year olds (8·7μg/d). For 1 and 2 year olds, GUM/IMF accounted for the greatest difference in vitamin D intakes between high and low consumers (59 % and 41 % respectively). Nutritional supplements made an important contribution to the difference in vitamin D intakes between high and low consumers at all ages but particularly for 3 and 4 year olds (56 % and 44 % respectively). The contribution to the difference in vitamin D intakes between consumer groups from fortified milks (other than GUM/IMF) increased from 1 to 4 years (8 % for 1 year olds vs. 18 % for 3 year olds and 26 % for 4 year olds). This is attributable to an increase in fortified milk consumers from age 1 to 4 years in line with a decrease in consumption of GUM/IMF. These findings demonstrate the importance of developing age-specific dietary guidelines to improve vitamin D intakes in pre-school children.
The project was funded by the Irish Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine under the Nutridata Project 13 F 542; 2014–2016.
