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Does maternal early pregnancy underweight influence neonatal birth outcome? A retrospective study in Liverpool

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2011

S. Ralph ,
M. Morris ,
S. Fallows  and
J. C. Abayomi
S. Ralph
Affiliation:
Centre for Exercise and Nutrition Science, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK
M. Morris
Affiliation:
Centre for Exercise and Nutrition Science, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK
S. Fallows
Affiliation:
Centre for Exercise and Nutrition Science, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK
J. C. Abayomi
Affiliation:
Liverpool Women's Hospital, Crown Street, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK Faculty of Education, Community and Leisure, Liverpool John Moores University, Barkhill Road, Liverpool L17 6BD, UK
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Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , Volume 70 , Issue OCE1: Scottish Section Meeting, 5–6 April 2011, 70th Anniversary: Nutrition and health: from conception to adolescence , 2011 , E10
Copyright
Copyright © The Authors 2011

Optimal neonatal birth weight is defined as between 3500 and 4000 g(Reference Edwards, Hellerstedt and Alton1, Reference Thorsdottir, Torfadottir and Birgisdottir2). These weight gains are associated with the lowest prevalence of fetal and perinatal death(Reference Thorsdottir and Birgisdottir3). Low maternal BMI and reduced weight gain during pregnancy can significantly increase the risk of low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age infants(Reference Johnson and Yancy4). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of low maternal BMI at the study hospital and to explore the influence of low BMI on birth outcome. A report was compiled from the hospital database for all women booking-in for antenatal care and delivering during the 36 months from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2007. Data requested and analysed for this study included: BMI, maternal age, parity, maternal smoking, gestational age at delivery, any recorded IUGR, mode of delivery, birth weight, neonatal gender, admission to NICU and date of delivery. Women were categorised according to BMI using WHO (2000) classification and χ2 test was used to test for possible associations between the variables.

Table 1. The distribution (%) of maternal first trimester BMI according to infant normal weight and all classes of LBW

Data were extracted for 23 893 women who had booked-in for antenatal care and delivered at the study hospital. Mean age was 28.95 years (sd 6.14); mean weight was 69.28 kg (sd 15.8), with a mean BMI of 25.72 kg/m2 (sd 6.41). From the sample 9.3% were classed as underweight (most (6.3%) having a BMI of 18.6–19.9 kg/m2). Mean birth weight was 3343 g (sd 639). The majority of infants (91.4%) were at or above normal birth weight; but 5.6% were classified as LBW (<2500 g) and 0.8 and 1.0% classified as Very LBW (VLBW, <1500 g) and Extremely LBW (ELBW, <1000 g) respectively, giving a total of 7.4% underweight. A positive relationship was found between low maternal BMI and incidence of LBW (P<0.001) (Table 1). These results suggest a considerable burden on NHS resources with 583 LBW babies born at the hospital each year. Antenatal dietetic intervention could promote optimal weight gain, reducing this risk. Studies in USA and Canada show a 50% reduction in LBW following dietary supplementation(Reference Buescher, Larson and Nelson5, Reference Higgins, Moxley and Pencharz6). This would not only improve maternal and fetal health in both the short- and long-term; it could also save the NHS a considerable amount of money.

References

1.Edwards, LE, Hellerstedt, WL, Alton, IR et al. (1996) Pregnancy complications and birth outcomes in obese and normal weight women: Effects of gestational weight change. Obstet Gynecol 87(3), 389–394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2.Thorsdottir, I, Torfadottir, JE, Birgisdottir, BE et al. (2002) Weight gain in women of normal weight before pregnancy: complications in pregnancy or delivery and birth outcome. Obstet Gynecol 5(1), 799–806.Google Scholar
3.Thorsdottir, I & Birgisdottir, BE (1998) Different weight gain in women of normal weight before pregnancy: postpartum weight and birth weight. Obstet Gynaecol 92(3), 377–383.Google ScholarPubMed
4.Johnson, JWC & Yancy, MK (1996) A critique of the new recommendations for weight gain in pregnancy. Am J Obst Gynecol 174(1), 254–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Buescher, PA, Larson, LC, Nelson, MD et al. (1993) Prenatal WIC participation can reduce low birth weight and newborn medical costs: A cost benefit analysis of WIC participation in North Carolina. J Am Diet Assoc 93(2), 163–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Higgins, AC, Moxley, JE, Pencharz, PB et al. (1989) Impact of the Higgins nutrition intervention program on birth weight: A within-mother analysis. J Am Diet Assoc 89(8), 1097–1103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figure 0

Table 1. The distribution (%) of maternal first trimester BMI according to infant normal weight and all classes of LBW