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The effect of nutrients on feed intake in ruminants

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

P. Faverdin
P. Faverdin*
Affiliation:
INRA, Station de recherche sur la vache laitière, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
*
Corresponding Author: Dr P. Faverdin, fax +33 299 285 101, email faverdin@st-gilles.rennes.inra.fr
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Abstract

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The purpose of the present review is to examine the role played by nutrients in controlling feed intake in ruminants, in light of their particular anatomical, physiological, nutritional and behavioural characteristics. The ration is first digested in the rumen for several hours by microbial fermentation. Volatile fatty acids, which constitute 50–75 % of a ruminant’s energy supply, considerably depress feed intake when administered by short-term infusion into the rumen. However, this effect seems to be largely due to osmolarity problems. Only propionate seems to have a specific action, unrelated to osmolarity, in the mesenteric or portal veins. Nitrogenous nutrients have little short-term effect on feed intake, except when there is excess NH3 in the rumen. Metabolic cues from intestinal digestion, particularly of glucose and starch, have very little short-or long-term influence in controlling feed intake, in comparison with rumen digestion cues. However, the short-term responses in feeding behaviour do not always reflect longer-term effects on feed intake control. The effects of volatile fatty acid infusion on feed intake are much less significant over the long term, except in the case of propionate. The nutrients required for good microbial activity (proteins in the rumen) generally promote feed intake, whereas nutrients that disrupt rumen functioning (lipids) reduce feed intake. After a learning period, preferences are always governed by a tendency toward optimum rumen functioning, rather than by animal nutritional requirements, although the two factors are not independent. Ruminants, due to their particular anatomical and nutritional characteristics, have, in the course of their evolution, developed specific feed intake control mechanisms based on nutritional cues.Résumé L’objet de cette revue est d’étudier le rôle des nutriments dans les mécanismes de contrôle de la prise alimentaire chez les ruminants, en tenant compte de leurs particularités anatomiques, physiologiques, nutritionnelles et comportementales. La digestion de la ration se déroule d’abord pendant de nombreuses heures dans le rumen par fermentation des aliments par des microbes. Les acides gras volatils, qui constituent 50–75 % des nutriments énergétiques d’un ruminant, présentent des effets rassasiants marqués lorsqu’ils sont perfusés dans le rumen. Cependant, ces effets semblent liés dans une large mesure à des problèmes d’osmolarité. Seul le propionate semble agir avec une action spécifique autre que l’osmolarité au niveau des veines mésentériques ou porte. Les nutriments azotés ont peu d’effet à court terme sur la prise alimentaire, excepté en cas d’excès d’ammoniac du rumen. Les signaux métaboliques provenant de l’absorption intestinale, en particulier le glucose ou l’amidon, ont très peu d’effet, à court ou long terme, dans le contrôle de la prise d’aliment comparativement aux signaux provenant de la digestion ruminale. Mais les réponses observées à court terme dans le contrôle de la prise alimentaire ne présagent pas toujours des effets à plus long terme dans la régulation des quantités ingérées. Les effets des acides gras volatils sur les quantités ingérées sont beaucoup moins nets à long terme, sauf pour le propionate. Les nutriments indispensables au bon fonctionnement de l’activité microbienne (protéines dans le rumen) ont des effets favorables sur l’ingestion alors que les nutriments qui perturbent le fonctionnement du rumen (lipides) diminuent les quantités ingérées. Après apprentissage, les choix alimentaires s’orientent toujours vers une recherche d’un fonctionnement optimal du rumen plus que vers une bonne adéquation des apports aux besoins de l’animal, même si les deux ne sont pas indépendants. Les ruminants présentent donc, de par leurs spécificités anatomique et nutritionnelle, des adaptations originales dans les mécanismes de régulation des quantités ingérées à partir des signaux nutritionnels.

Keywords

RuminantsFeeding behaviourVolatile fatty acids
Type
Symposium on ‘Functionality of nutrients and behaviour’
Information
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , Volume 58 , Issue 3 , August 1999 , pp. 523 - 531
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1999

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