Growing evidence suggests a direct link between stress and health, through autonomic and neuroendocrine responses as well as an indirect link through behavioural responses(Reference O'Connor, Jones and Conner1). Behaviour such as increased energy-dense snack consumption has been observed in shift workers(Reference Scott and Johnstone2). In general, increased caffeine consumption has been related to periods of work-stress(Reference Conway, Vickers and Ward3). Caffeine influences the constituents of the neuroendocrine system associated with psychophysiological stress responses(Reference Lane4). The present study therefore aims to enhance knowledge of caffeine-stress interactions within the workplace.
Food Frequency Questionnaires provided habitual caffeine intake information from 413 healthy male and female volunteers from different workplaces including shift and non-shift workers. Perceived stress, depression and anxiety levels were measured using the DASS-21(Reference Lovibond and Lovibond5) self-reported questionnaire. Additionally, the ‘Daily Hassles’ Questionnaire(Reference O'Connor, Jones and Conner1) measured frequency and severity of daily stressors yielding a greater detail of subjective stressful events. Ordinal regression models controlling for age, gender, BMI and shift pattern were used to determine the effect of a relationship between caffeine and stress and stress-related disorders (depression and anxiety). Cut-off points of Low (0–170 mg/d), Moderate (>170–300 mg/d) and High (>300 mg/d) caffeine intake were considered for the analysis.
Mean (SEM) caffeine intake was 161·7 (6·8) mg/day for non-shift workers and 182·7 (11·5) mg/day for shift workers which was non significant (p = 0·111); 161·4 (7·8) mg/day for women and 176·0 (9·1) for men which was also non significant (p = 0·223); 157·2 (7·4) mg/day for those under 45 years and 184·8 (9·7) mg/day for those over 45 years which was significant (p = 0·023); 165·0 (9·0) mg/day for those with a BMI of less than 25 kg/m2, 165·6 (8·7) mg/day for those in the overweight BMI category (25–30 kg/m2) and 181·6 (16·2) mg/day for those in the obese BMI category (over 30 kg/m2), also non significant (p = 0·629). The results from the ordinal regression showed statistically significant effects of stress (p = 0·004) and hassle severity (p = 0·024), marginal statistically significant effect of depression (p = 0·058), and non-significant effects of anxiety (p = 0·529) and hassle frequency (p = 0·193).
In conclusion, there was a significant relationship between age and caffeine intake and stress level and caffeine intake although no significant effects of shift pattern. Additionally, hassle severity affected caffeine intake although there was no effect in relation to number of hassles.
The work is funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement n° 245009 for the ‘NeuroFAST’ grant.
