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The scientific basis of immunonutrition†

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

U. Suchner ,
K. S. Kuhn  and
P. Fürst
U. Suchner*
Affiliation:
Clinic of Anesthesiology, Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
K. S. Kuhn
Affiliation:
Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
P. Fürst
Affiliation:
Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
*
*Corresponding author:Dr U. Suchner, present address Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH, Else-Kröner-Strasse 1, 61352 Bad Homburg v.d.H., Germany, fax +49 6172 686 5505, email ulrich.suchner@fresenius-kabi.com
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Abstract

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Substrates with immune-modulating actions have been identified among both macro- and micronutrients. Currently, the modes of action of individual immune-modulating substrates, and their effects on clinical outcomes, are being examined. At present, some enteral formulas are available for the clinical setting which are enriched with selected immune-modulating nutrients. The purpose of the present paper is to review the scientific rationale of enteral immunonutrition. The major aspects considered are mucosal barrier structure and function, cellular defence function and local or systemic inflammatory response. It is notable that in critical illness the mucosal barrier and cellular defence are impaired and a reinforcement with enteral immunonutrition is desirable, while local or systemic inflammatory response should be down regulated by nutritional interventions. The results available from clinical trials are conflicting. Meta-analyses of recent trials show improvements such as reduced risk of infection, fewer days on a ventilator, and reduced length of intensive care unit and hospital stay. Thus, a grade A recommendation was proclaimed for the clinical use of enteral immune-modulating diets. Improvement in outcome was only seen when critical amounts of the immune-modulating formula were tolerated in patients classified as being malnourished. However, in other patients with severe sepsis, shock and organ failure, no benefit or even disadvantages from immunonutrition were reported. In such severe conditions we hypothesize that systemic inflammation might be undesirably intensified by arginine and unsaturated fatty acids, directly affecting cellular defence and inflammatory response. We therefore recommend that in patients suffering from systemic inflammatory response syndrome great caution should be exercised when immune-enhancing substrates are involved which may aggravate systemic inflammation.

Keywords

ImmunonutritionImmune-modulating substratesEnteral nutrition
Type
Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Group Symposium on ‘Nutrition in the severely-injured patient’
Information
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , Volume 59 , Issue 4 , November 2000 , pp. 553 - 563
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2000

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