It is well established that intakes of free sugars by children and adolescents are considerably higher than guidelines (13–14% vs 5% of total energy) and that a major contributor to this intake is sugar-containing soft beverages (particularly soft drinks and fruit juice) in 11–18 year olds, where these beverages provide a third of the free sugar.The aim of this work was to determine the degree of tracking of sugar containing soft beverages and other beverages from infancy to childhood and from infancy to mid-adolescence using data from the Gateshead Millennium Study(Reference Parkinson, Adamson and Basterfield1).
Beverage intake data of the children were collected using age appropriate methods; postal questionnaires to parents at 30 months (Reference Parkinson, Wright and Drewett2), the Food Assessment in Schools Tool (FAST) at 7 years (Reference Adamson, Griffiths and Carlin3) and a computer-based self-completion 24-hour recall INTAKE24(Reference Bradley, Simpson and Poliakov4) at 15 years. The sample comprised n = 428 at 30 months, n = 474 at 7 years and n = 364 at 15 years. The beverage data were sorted into six categories (soft drinks (non-diet carbonated), fruit juice, squash, diet soft drinks (carbonated and non-carbonated), milk and water). High beverage intake was defined as those in the top 20% of consumption within the cohort (e.g. at 15 years high intakes of soft drinks (non-diet) carbonated were between 343-3100ml/d) or, for beverages where there were large numbers of non-consumers, (e.g soft drinks at 30 months) into consumers and non-consumers. Associations between high beverage intake at 30 months and high intake at 7 and 15 years were tested using logistic regression, adjusting for potentially confounding factors (gender and a binary measure of socio-economic status (SES) assessed at recruitment in 1999(7)).The reference value for adjusted Odds Ratios (aOR) was low or no intake.
At age 30m 36% consumed carbonated soft drinks, 47.8% at age 7 years and 46.7% aged 15 years. Those 15 year olds who consumed soft drinks, consumed a median 280g/day, regardless of SES status.
High intake (or consumption) of soft drinks, fruit juice, diet soft drinks and water at 30 months was significantly associated with high intake at age 7 years but not at 15 years (see table). The adjusted odds ratio for being a soft drink consumer at age 7 years was almost 3 times the reference value of a non-consumer at age 30 months, but when the analysis was stratified for SES this increased to almost 5 times the reference for those of higher SES (OR 4.87 95% CI 2.34–10.14 P < 0.001) compared to those of lower SES where the OR was not significant.
These data suggest that the family environment can protect toddlers and children from excessive exposure to sweetened beverages, but that by adolescence young people are more exposed to external influences.
