Spectral properties of the equation (∇ + ieA) × u = ±mu

Abstract

We develop a spectral theory for the equation (∇ + ieA) × u = ±mu on Minkowski 3-space (one time variable and two space variables); here, A is a real vector potential and the vector product is defined with respect to the Minkowski metric. This equation was formulated by Elton and Vassiliev, who conjectured that it should have properties similar to those of the two-dimensional Dirac equation. Our equation contains a large parameter c (speed of light), and this motivates the study of the asymptotic behaviour of its spectrum as c → +∞. We show that the essential spectrum of our equation is the same as that of Dirac (theorem 3.1), whereas the discrete spectrum agrees with Dirac to a relative accuracy δλ/mc² ~ O(c⁻⁴) (theorem 3.3). In other words, we show that our equation has the same accuracy as the two-dimensional Pauli equation, its advantage over Pauli being relativistic invariance.