Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T00:38:38.422Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Computer diagnosis of depression and anxiety: the Stirling County Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

Jane M. Murphy ,
Raymond K. Neff ,
Arthur M. Sobol ,
Joseph X. Rice Jr  and
Donald C. Olivier
Jane M. Murphy*
Affiliation:
Harvard Program in Psychiatric Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Raymond K. Neff
Affiliation:
Harvard Program in Psychiatric Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Arthur M. Sobol
Affiliation:
Harvard Program in Psychiatric Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Joseph X. Rice Jr
Affiliation:
Harvard Program in Psychiatric Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Donald C. Olivier
Affiliation:
Harvard Program in Psychiatric Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
*
1 Address for correspondence: Dr Jane M. Murphy, Harvard Program in Psychiatric Epidemiology, 715 Warren Building, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Synopsis

A computer programme (DPAX) was constructed for a longitudinal study of psychiatric epidemiology in Stirling County (Canada). It identifies disorders involving the syndromes of depression and anxiety based on responses given in structured questionnaire interviews. The programme follows a diagnostic algorithm that uses criteria for: (1) essential features; (2) number, frequency, and pattern of associated symptoms; (3) impairment; and (4) duration. The programme reproduces case evaluations provided by psychiatrists, as conveyed by a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 98%.

Type
Research Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 15 , Issue 1 , February 1985 , pp. 99 - 112
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association (1952). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: Mental Disorders (first edn). APA: Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (third edn). APA: Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Beiser, M. (1971). A study of personality assets in a rural community. Archives of General Psychiatry 24, 244–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benfari, R. C. & Leighton, A. H. (1970). PROBE: A computer instrument for field surveys of psychiatric disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 23, 352–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, G. W. & Harris, T. (1978). Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women. Tavistock: London.Google Scholar
Cooper, B. & Morgan, H. G. (1973). Epidemiological Psychiatry. Charles C. Thomas: Springfield, Ill.Google ScholarPubMed
Dalgard, O. S. (1980). Mental health, neighborhood and related social variables in Oslo. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 285 (Suppl.), 298–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denis, G., Tousignant, M. & Laforest, L. (1973). Prévalence de cas d'intérêt psychiatrique dans une région du Quebec. Canadian Journal of Public Health 64, 387–397.Google Scholar
Derogatis, L. R., Klerman, G. L. & Lipman, R. S. (1972). Anxiety states and depressive neuroses. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 155, 392–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., Rickels, K., Uhlenhuth, E. H. & Covi, L. (1974). The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): a self-report symptom inventory. Behavioral Sciences 19, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dixon, W. J. & Brown, M. B. (eds.) (1979). Biomedical Computer Programs: P Series. University of California Press: Berkeley.Google Scholar
Dohrenwend, B. P., Dohrenwend, B. S., Gould, M. S., Link, B., Neugebauer, R. & Wunsch-Hitzig, R. (1980). Mental Illness in the United States: Epidemiological Estimates. Praeger Publishers: New York.Google Scholar
Dohrenwend, B. P., Levav, I. & Shrout, P. E. (1985). Screening scales from the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview (PERI). In Community Surveys (ed. Weissman, M. M., Myers, J. K. and Ross, C.). Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick (in the press). (in the press).Google Scholar
Dohrenwend, B. S., Cook, D. & Dohrenwend, B. P. (1981). Measurement of social functioning in community populations. In What Is a Case? The Problem of Definition in Psychiatric Community Surveys (ed. Wing, J. K., Bebbington, P. and Robins, L. N.), pp. 183–201. Grant McIntyre: London.Google Scholar
Eastwood, M. R. (1975). The Relation between Physical and Mental Illness. Toronto University Press: Toronto.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eaton, W. W., Regier, D. A., Locke, B. Z. & Taube, C. (1981). The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program of the National Institute of Mental Health. Public Health Reports 96, 319–325.Google ScholarPubMed
Endicott, J. & Spitzer, R. L. (1978). A diagnostic interview: the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 35, 836–844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Essen-Möller, E. (1956). Individual traits and morbidity in a Swedish rural population. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica 100 (Suppl.), 1–160.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire. Oxford University Press: London.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. P. & Hillier, V. F. (1979). A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine 9, 139–145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gruenberg, E. (1969). How can the new Diagnostic Manual help? International Journal of Psychiatry 7, 368–374.Google ScholarPubMed
Hagnell, O., Lanke, J., Rorsman, B. & Öjesjö, L. (1982). Are we entering an age of melancholy? Depressive illnesses in a prospective epidemiological study over 25 years: the Lundby Study, Sweden. Psychological Medicine 12, 279–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hand, D. J. (1983). Common errors in data analysis: the apparent error rate of classification rules. Psychological Medicine 13, 201–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, C. C., Tremblay, M. A., Rapoport, R. N. & Leighton, A. H. (1960). People of Cove and Woodlot: The Stirling County Study, Vol. 2. Basic Books: New York.Google Scholar
Hurry, J. & Sturt, E. (1981). Social performance in a population sample: Relation to psychiatric symptoms. In What Is a Case? The Problem of Definition in Psychiatric Community Surveys (ed. Wing, J. K., Bebbington, P. and Robins, L. N.), pp. 202–213. Grant McIntyre: London.Google Scholar
Husaini, B. A., Neff, J. A. & Stone, R. H. (1979). Psychiatric impairment in rural communities. Journal of Community Psychology 7, 137–146.3.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendell, R. E. (1975). The Role of Diagnosis in Psychiatry. Blackwell Scientific Publications: Oxford.Google Scholar
Klerman, G. L. (1981). Depression in the medically ill. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 4, 301–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lachenbruch, P. & Mickey, R. M. (1968). Estimation of error rates in discriminant analysis. Technometrics 10, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leighton, A. H. (1959). My Name is Legion: The Stirling County Study of Psychiatric Disorder and Social Environment, Vol. 1. Basic Books: New York.Google Scholar
Leighton, D. C., Harding, J. S., Macklin, D. B., Macmillan, A. M. & Leighton, A. H. (1963). The Character of Danger: The Stirling County Study, Vol. 3. Basic Books: New York.Google Scholar
Lipowski, Z. L. (1975). Psychiatry of somatic diseases: epidemiology, pathogenesis, classification. Comprehensive Psychiatry 16, 105–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macmillan, A. M. (1957). The Health Opinion Survey: technique for estimating prevalence of psychoneurotic and related types of disorders in communities. Psychological Reports 3, 325–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, J. M. (1980). Continuities in community-based psychiatric epidemiology. Archives of General Psychiatry 37, 1215–1223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, J. M. (1981). Psychiatric Instrument Development for Primary Care Research: Patient Self-Report Questionnaire: Contract Number 80M0142801O1D. Division of Biometry and Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health: Washington, D.C..Google Scholar
Murphy, J. M. (1985). The Stirling County Study. In Community Surveys (ed. Weissman, M. M., Myers, J. K. and Ross, C.). Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick (in the press).Google Scholar
Murphy, J. M., Sobol, A. M., Neff, R. K., Olivier, D. C. & Leighton, A. H. (1984). Stability of prevalence: depression and anxiety disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 41, 990–997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myers, J. K., Lindenthal, J. J. & Pepper, M. P. (1971). Life events and psychiatric impairment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 152, 149–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rickels, K., Garcia, C. R. & Fisher, E. (1971). A measure of emotional distress in private gynecologic practice. Obstetrics and Gynecology 38, 139–146.Google ScholarPubMed
Robins, L. N., Helzer, J. E., Croughan, J. & Ratcliff, K. (1981). National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: its history, characteristics and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry 38, 381–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutter, M., Shaffer, D. & Shepherd, M. (1975). A Multi-Axial Classification of Child Psychiatric Disorders. WHO: Geneva.Google Scholar
Schwab, J. J. & Schwab, M. E. (1978). Sociocultural Roots of Mental Illness: An Epidemiologic Survey. Plenum: New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwab, J. J., Bell, R. A., Warheit, G. J. & Schwab, R. B. (1979). Social Order and Mental Health. Brunner/Mazel: New York.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L. & Endicott, J. (1968). DIAGNO: a computer program for psychiatric diagnosis utilizing the differential diagnostic procedure. Archives of General Psychiatry 18, 746–756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J. & Robins, E. (1975). Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for a Selected Group of Functional Disorders. Instrument No. 58, ed. 2. Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute: New York.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J. & Robins, E. (1978). Research Diagnostic Criteria: rationale and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry 35, 773–782.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Srole, L. & Fisher, A. K. (1980). Perspective: the Midtown Manhattan Longitudinal Study vs. ‘The Mental Paradise Lost’ Doctrine. Archives of General Psychiatry 37, 209–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uhlenhuth, E. H., Balter, M. B., Mellinger, G. D., Cisin, I. H. & Clinthorne, J. (1983). Symptom checklist syndromes in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry 40, 1167–1173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, P., Tarnopolsky, A. & Hand, D. (1980). Case definition and case identification in psychiatric epidemiology: review and assessment. Psychological Medicine 10, 101–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wing, J. K., Cooper, J. E. & Sartorius, N. (1974). The Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Wing, J. K., Mann, S. A., Leff, J. P. & Nixon, J. M. (1978). The concept of a ‘case’ in psychiatric population surveys. Psychological Medicine 8, 203–217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wing, J. K.Bebbington, P. & Robins, L. N. (eds.) (1981). What Is a Case? The Problem of Definition in Psychiatric Surveys. Grant McIntyre: London.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1967). International Classification of Diseases (eighth edn). WHO: Geneva.Google Scholar