Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T05:24:53.821Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Curiosity, youth, and knowledge in the visual and textual culture of the Dutch Republic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 August 2019

Els Stronks*
Affiliation:
Utrecht University
*

Argument

The imitation of adults was the dominant educational early modern model, as it had been from the classical era. Yet, from 1500 onward, this traditional model clashed with new pedagogical ideals that explored if and how the youthful mind differed from the adult. To investigate this clash, I examine individual and aggregate cases – taken from the Dutch (illustrated) textual culture – representing conceptualizations of what has been labelled “the curiosity family” (concepts such as curiosity, inquisitiveness, invention). As previously established, during the seventeenth century, curiosity turned from a vice to a virtue among adults. Textual evidence suggests that for the early modern Dutch youth, docility, long valued, remained the guiding ideal. Shortly after 1700, however, two changes can be detected: for youth, travel literature and travel as a metaphor became a means to explore the world without adults; and for adults, the experimental learning style of the young became a new learning model.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Bedaux, Jan B. 1982. “Beelden van “leersucht” en tucht: Opvoedingsmetaforen in de Nederlandse schilderkunst van de zeventiende eeuw [Images of inquisitiveness and discipline. Educational Metaphors in the Visual Arts of the Seventeenth Century].” Nederlandsch Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek 33:4974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedaux, Jan B. 1991. “‘A Bridle for Lust:' Representations of Sexual Morality in Dutch Children’s Portraits of the Seventeenth Century.” In From Sappho to De Sade (Routledge Revivals): Moments in the History of Sexuality, edited by Bremmer, Jan N., 6068. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bedaux, Jan B. 2000. “Inleiding [Introduction].” In Kinderen op hun mooist: Het kinderportret in de Nederlanden 1500–1700 [Children at their most beautiful: Portraits of children in the Low Countries 1500–1700], edited by Bedaux, Jan B. and Ekkart, Rudi, 1132. Gent –Amsterdam: Ludion.Google Scholar
Benedict, Barbara. 2001. Curiosity: A Cultural History of Early Modern Inquiry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Blair, Ann. 2016. “Noël-Antoine Pluche as a Jansenist natural theologian.” Intellectual History Review 26:9199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Penny. 2009. “‘"Girls Aloud”; Dialogue as a Pedagogical Tool in Eighteenth-Century French Children’s Literature.” The Lion and the Unicorn 33:202218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buijnsters, Piet. 1995. “Traditie en vernieuwing: Nederlandse ABC-boeken uit de achttiende eeuw [Tradition and renewal: Dutch ABC books from the Eighteenth Century].” In A is een Aapje: Opstellen over ABC-boeken van de vijftiende eeuw tot heden [A is for Ape: Essays on ABC books from the fifteenth century till today], edited by Linden, Jaap ter, Vries, Anne de and Welsink, Dick, 5572. Amsterdam: Em. Querido’s Uitgeverij.Google Scholar
Buijnsters, Piet, and Buijnsters-Smets, Leontine. 1999. Bibliografie van Nederlandse school- en kinderboeken 1700–1800 [Bibliography of Dutch school books and children’s literature]. Zwolle: Waanders.Google Scholar
Christensen, Nina. 2009. “Lust for Reading and Thirst for Knowledge: Fictive Letters in a Danish Children’s Magazine of 1770.” The Lion and the Unicorn 33:189201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Floris. 2010. How Modern Science Came into the World: Four Civilizations, One 17th-Century Breakthrough. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar
Collier, David, Hildalgo, Fernando David, and Maciuceanu, Andra Olivia. 2006. “Essentially Contested Concepts: Debates and Applications.” Journal of Political Ideologies 11:211246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorren, Gabrielle Maria Elisabeth. 2001. Eenheid en verscheidenheid: De burgers van Haarlem in de Gouden Eeuw [Unity and diversity: The citizens of Haarlem during the Golden Age]. Amsterdam: Prometheus/Bert Bakker.Google Scholar
Eijnatten, Joris Van, Verheul, Jaap, and Pieters, Toine. 2014. “TS Tools: Using Texcavator to Map Public Discourse.” Tijdschrift voor Tijdschriftstudies 35:5965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robert, Evans & Marr, Alexander, eds. 2004. Curiosity and Wonder from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Fornäs, Johan. 1995. “Youth, Culture and Modernity.” In Youth Culture in Late Modernity, edited by Fornäs, Johan and Bolin, Göran, 112. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Frijhoff, Willem, and Spies, Marijke. 2004. Dutch Culture in a European Perspective: 1650, Hard-Won Unity. Assen: Van Gorcum.Google Scholar
Frijhoff, Willem. 2012. “Historian’s Discovery of Childhood.” Paedagogica Historica 48: 1129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallie, Walter Bryce. 1956. “Essentially Contested Concepts.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 56:167198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grootes, Eddy. 1987. “Het jeugdig publiek van de “nieuwe liedboeken” in het eerste kwart van de zeventiende eeuw [The young consumer of the ‘New Song Books’ in the first quarter of the Seventeenth Century].” In Het woord aan de lezer: Zeven literatuurhistorische verkenningen [Giving word to the reader: Seven literary historical explorations], edited by van den Berg, Wim and Stouten, Johanna, 7288. Groningen: Wolters Noordhoff.Google Scholar
Harrison, Robert Pogue. 2014. Juvenescence: A Cultural History of Our Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendrix, Harald A. 2009. “From Early Modern to Romantic Literary Tourism: A Diachronical Perspective.” In Literary Tourism and Nineteenth-Century Culture, edited by Nicola, J. Watson, 1324. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houston, Rab. 2002. Literacy in Early Modern Europe. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Houswitschka, Christoph. 2006. “Locke’s Education or Rousseau’s Freedom.” In Fashioning Childhood in the Eighteenth Century: Age and Identity, edited by Müller, Anja, 8191. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Huff, Toby E. 2011. Intellectual Curiosity and the Scientific Revolution: A Global Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Gabriel. 2005. “Hypermedia and Discovery Based Learning: What Value?.” Australian Journal of Educational Technology 21:355366.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Margaret. 2014. The First Knowledge Economy: Human Capital and the European Economy, 1750–1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jochum, Klaus Peter. 2006. “Defoe’s Children.” In Fashioning Childhood in the Eighteenth Century: Age and Identity, edited by Müller, Anja, 157167. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Jorink, Eric. 1999. Wetenschap en wereldbeeld in de Gouden Eeuw [Science and the view on the world during the Golden Age]. Hilversum: Verloren.Google Scholar
Kenny, Neil. 2004. The Uses of Curiosity in Early Modern France and Germany, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koepp, Cynthia. 2006. “Curiosity, Science and Experiential Learning in the Eighteenth Century: Reading the Spectacle de la Nature.” In Childhood and Children’s Books in Early Modern Europe 1550–1800, edited by Immel, Andrea and Witmore, Michael, 153180. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Koselleck, Reinhart. 2006. Begriffsgeschichten. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Koops, Willem. 2001. “Historical Reframing of Childhood.In The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Social Development, edited by Smith, Peter K. & Hart, Craig H., 8289. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Koops, Willem. 2016. Een beeld van een kind: De ontwikkeling en opvoeding van het kind in historisch perspectief [The image of a child: The development and upbringing of children in historical perspective]. Amsterdam: Boom.Google Scholar
Langereis, Sandra. 2014. De woordenaar: Christoffel Plantijn, 's werelds grootste drukker en uitgever (1520–1589) [The master of words: Christoffel Plantin, the greatest printer and publisher (1520–1589)] Amsterdam: Boom.Google Scholar
Lenders, Jan. 1988. De burger en de volksschool: Culturele en mentale achtergronden van een onderwijshervorming [The citizen and the public school: Culture and mentality of an educational reform]. Nederland 1780–1950. Nijmegen: SUN.Google Scholar
Mercks, Kees. 1999. “Het beeld van de Tjechische literatuur in Nederland [The image of Czech literature in the Netherlands].’ In Brünner Beiträge zur Germanistik und Nordistik Series 4: 217226.Google Scholar
Müller, Anja, ed. 2006. Fashioning Childhood in the Eighteenth Century: Age and Identity, Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Müller, Anja, ed. 2009. Framing Childhood in Eighteenth-century English Periodicals and Prints, 1689–1789. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Neiman, Susan. 2014. Why Grow Up? Subversive Thoughts for an Infantile Age. London: Macmillan Publishers.Google Scholar
Neve, Otto De. 1963. “Aantekeningen over 16de-eeuwse lexicografie [Notes on sixteenth-century lexicography].” Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde 79:200210.Google Scholar
Newhauser, Richard. 2013. “Curiosity”. In The Oxford Guide to the Historical Reception of Augustine, edited by Pollmann, Karla and others, vol. 2, 849851. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pollmann, Judith. 2017. Memory in Early Modern Europe, 1500–1800. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Put, Eddy. 1990. De cleijne schoolen: Het volksonderwijs in het hertogdom Brabant tussen Katholieke Reformatie en Verlichting (eind 16de eeuw-1795) [Small schools: Primary education for the unprivileged in the duchy Brabant between reformation and enlightenment (end of the sixteenth century-1795)]. Leuven: Universitaire Pers Leuven.Google Scholar
Salman, Jeroen. 2001. “Children’s Books as a Commodity: The Rise of a New Literary Subsystem in the Eighteenth-Century Dutch Republic.” Poetics 28:399421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stronks, Els. 2015. Invisible Ink: Uncovering Meaning from Texts with Digital Tools. Uhlenbeck lectures. Wassenaar: NIAS.Google Scholar
Strauss, Gerald. 1978. Luther’s House of Learning: Indoctrination of the Young in the German Reformation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Walsham, Alexandra. 2011. “The Reformation of the Generations: Youth, Age and Religious Change in England 1500–1700.” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series, 21: 93–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmermann, Hans-Joachim. 1995. “English Translations and Adaptations of Cesare Ripa’s Iconologia: From the 17th to the 19th Century.” De Zeventiende Eeuw 11:1725.Google Scholar

Primary Sources

Bie, Cornelis De. 1662. Het gulden cabinet van de edel vry schilderconst [The golden cabinet of the honourable art of painting]. Antwerpen: Jan Meyssens, Juliaen van Montfort.Google Scholar
Broeckhoff, Johan Pieter. 1770. Dicht- en zedekundige zinnebeelden en bespiegelingen [Poetic and edifying emblems and contemplations] Amsterdam: P.J. Entrop.Google Scholar
Cats, Jacob. 1627. Sinne- en minnebeelden [Moral and love emblems] Rotterdam: Pieter van Waesberge.Google Scholar
Cats, Jacob. 1862. [1655]. Alle de werken [Complete works], edited by van Vloten, Jan. Zwolle: De Erven J.J. Tijl.Google Scholar
Comenius, Joh. Amos. 1658. Eerste deel der school-geleertheyd, genoemt Het portael. = Prima pars scholasticæ eruditionis, dicta Vestibulum [The first part of the school learning, or the portal]. Amsterdam: G. de Roy.Google Scholar
Comenius, Joh. Amos. 1679. Orbis Sensualium Pictus Quadrilinguis Emendatus, Hoc est: Omnium fundamentalium in mundo Rerum, & vita Actionum, Pictura & Nomenclatura, […]. Noribergæ: Michaelis & Joh. Friderici Endterorum.Google Scholar
Comenius, Joh. Amos. 1705. Joh. Amos Commenii Orbis Sensualium Pictus: hoc est, omnium principalium in mundo rerum, et in vita actionum, pictura et nomenclatura = Joh. Amos Commenius’s Visible World: or, a nomenclature, and pictures of all the chief things that are in the world, and of mens employments therein; in above an 150 copper cuts. Written by the author in Latin and High-Dutch being one of his last essays, and the most suitable to childrens capacities of any that he hath hitherto made. Translated into English by Charles Hoole. For the use of young Latin scholars. London: John Sprint.Google Scholar
Den Nederduytschen Helicon [The Dutch Helicon]. 1610. Alkmaar: Jacob de Meester.Google Scholar
Houbraken, Arnold. 1767 [1723]. Stichtelyke zinnebeelden, gepast op deugden en ondeugden, in LVII tafereelen vertoond door A. Houbraken, en verrykt met de bygedichten van Juffrouw Gezine Brit [Edifying emblems, applied to virtues and vices, depicted in 57 images made by A. Houbraken and Enriched with poems by Miss Gezine Brit]. Amsterdam: Willem Barents.Google Scholar
Laraisse, Gerard De. 1701. Grondlegginge ter teekenkonst: zynde een korte en zeekere weg om door middel van de geometrie of meetkunde, de teeken-konst volkomen te leeren [Principles of the art of drawing: A short and certain way to master the art of painting through geometry]. Amsterdam: Willem de Coup.Google Scholar
Misson, Maximilian. 1724. Nieuwe reize van Misson na en door Italien: met een berecht voor de gene die voornemens zyn dezelve reize te doen: vermeerdert en opgeheldert met de Aanmerkingen van Addisson, door hem gemaakt gedurende zyne reize door Italien: vit het frans na den vyfden druk vertaelt en met schoone kopere platen versiert [New journey of mission to and through Italy: With an instruction for those planning the same trip: Enlarged and clarified with notes by Addision (as made during his trip through Italy]. Utrecht: Willem van de Water.Google Scholar
Ripa, Cesare. 1603. Iconologia, ouero, Descrittione di diuerse imagini cauate dall’antichità, & di propria inuentione. Rome: Lepido Facius.Google Scholar
Ripa, Cesare. 1625. La Novissima Iconologia del sign. cavalier Cesare Ripa. Padova: Pietro Paolo Tossi, 1625.Google Scholar
Ripa, Cesare. [1644] 1971. Cesare Ripa’s Iconologia of Uytbeeldinghen des Verstants, vertaald door Dirck Pietersz. Pers [Cesare Ripa’s Iconologia or depiction of wisdom, translated by Dirck Pietersz. Pers]. edited by Becker, Jochen. Soest: Davaco Publishers.Google Scholar
Ripa, Cesare. 1709. Iconologia, or, Moral emblems, by Cesare Ripa. London: Benjamin Motte.Google Scholar
Spinniker, Adriaan. [1714] 1757. Leerzame zinnebeelden [Educational emblems]. Haarlem: Jan Bosch.Google Scholar