Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T05:13:27.803Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Dressing the Myanmar Migrant Body: (In-)Visibility and Empowerment in Thailand

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 January 2019

Inga Gruß*
Affiliation:
Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Science Programs Department, Portland, United States; ig78@cornell.edu

Abstract

The invisibility of migrants has been widely analysed in relation to states’ policies and practices. I argue in this article that emphasising the role of states and institutions in marginalising vulnerable populations by rendering them invisible throws a shadow over the multifaceted ways in which migrants interpret and relate to invisibility. Among Myanmar migrants in Thailand, as we shall see here, the notion that invisibility provides a protective shield to migrant bodies is in fact widespread. While invisibility is at times perceived as a threat to the future of these people, conceiving of invisibility solely as a tool of domination precludes us from fully understanding the complexity of Myanmar migrants’ experiences in Thailand and, more specifically, the many forms of empowerment that shape these experiences. Privileging the discourses and practices of Myanmar migrants in Thailand about their sartorial choices reveals that migrants appreciate invisibility for its capacity to create control over their own bodies. Further, it reveals the complexities of negotiating and expressing diasporic sartorial conventions.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © Institute for East Asian Studies, Sogang University 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aguilar-San Juan, Karin. 2009. Little Saigons: Staying Vietnamese in America. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Alba, Richard, and Victor, Nee. 1997. “Rethinking assimilation theory for a new era of immigration.” International Migration Review 31(4): 826874.Google Scholar
Allerton, Catherine. 2007. “The secret life of sarongs.” Journal of Material Culture 12(1): 2246.Google Scholar
Amporn, Jirattikorn. 2017. “Forever transnational: The ambivalence of return and cross-border activities of the Shan across the Thailand-Myanmar border.” Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 38(1): 7589.Google Scholar
Anderson, Bridget. 2010. “Migration, immigration controls and the fashioning of precarious workers.” Work, Employment and Society 24(2): 300317.Google Scholar
Andersson, Ruben. 2014. “Time and the migrant other: European border controls and the temporal economics of illegality.” American Anthropologist 116(4): 795809.Google Scholar
An, Qi. 2011. “To dress or not to dress: body representations of the ethnic minorities on China's southwestern frontiers.” Inner Asia 13(1): 183202.Google Scholar
Aranya, Siriphon. 2007. “Dress and cultural strategy: Tai peddlers in transnational trade along the Burma-Yunnan frontier.” Asian Ethnicity 8 (3): 219234.Google Scholar
Bail, Kari et al. 2012. “The impact of invisibility on the health of migrant farmworkers in the southeastern United States: a case from Georgia.” Nursing Research and Practice, 18.Google Scholar
Banki, Susan. 2013. “Precarity of place: a complement to the growing precariat literature.” Global Discourse: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Current Affairs and Applied Contemporary Thought 3(3-4): 450463.Google Scholar
Body-Gendrot, Sophie. 2007. “France upside down over a headscarf?Sociology of Religion 68(3): 289304.Google Scholar
Brenner, Suzanne. 1996. “Reconstructing self and society: Javanese Muslim women and ‘the veil.’American Ethnologist 23(4): 673697.Google Scholar
Brondizio, Eduardo S. 2004. “Agriculture intensification, economic identity, and shared invisibility in Amazonian peasantry: caboclos and colonists in comparative perspective.” Culture and Agriculture 26(1-2): 124.Google Scholar
Bruck, Gabriele vom. 2008. “Naturalising, neutralising women's bodies: the ‘headscarf affair’ and the politics of representation.” Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 15(1): 5179.Google Scholar
Bryce-Laporte, Roy Simon. 1972. “Black immigrants: The experience of invisibility and inequality.” Journal of Black Studies 3(1): 2956.Google Scholar
Campbell, Stephen. 2013. “Solidarity formations under flexibilisation: Workplace struggles of precarious migrants in Thailand.” Global Labour Journal 4(2): 134151.Google Scholar
Carter, Donald Martin. 2010. Navigating the African Diaspora: The Anthropology of Invisibility. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Clarke, Alison. 2001. “The aesthetics of social aspiration.” In Possessions: Material Culture behind Closed Doors, edited by Miller, D., 2345. Oxford and New York: Berg.Google Scholar
Coutin, Susan Bibler. 2000. Legalizing Moves: Salvadoran Immigrants’ Struggle for U.S. Residency. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
De Genova, Nicholas, and Nathalie, Mae Peutz. 2010. The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and the Freedom of Movement. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Dudley, Sandra. 2003. “Whose textiles and whose meanings?” In Textiles from Burma: Featuring the James Henry Green Collection, edited by Dudley, Sandra and Dell, Elizabeth, 3747. Chicago: Art Media Resources, in association with the James Green Centre for World Art, Brighton.Google Scholar
Dudley, Sandra. 2010. Materialising Exile: Material Culture and Embodied Experience among Karenni Refugees in Thailand. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Dudley, Sandra. 2011. “Feeling at home: Producing and consuming things in Karenni refugee camps on the Thai-Burma border.” Population, Space and Place 17: 742755.Google Scholar
Ehrkamp, Patricia. 2013. “‘I've had it with them!’ Younger migrant women's spatial practices of conformity and resistance.” Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 20(1): 1936.Google Scholar
Entwistle, Joanne. 2000. “Fashion and the fleshy body: Dress as embodied practice.” Fashion Theory 4(3): 323348.Google Scholar
Entwistle, Joanne. 2015. The Fashioned Body: Fashion, Dress and Social Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Femenias, Blenda. 2005. Gender and the Boundaries of Dress in Contemporary Peru. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Fortier, Anne-Marie. 2003. “Global migranthood, whiteness, and the anxieties of (in)visibility.” In The Social Construction of Diversity: Recasting the Master Narrative of Industrial Nations, edited by Harzig, Christiane, Juteau, Danielle, and Schmitt, Irina, 227246. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Galemba, Rebecca. 2013. “Illegality and invisibility at margins and borders.” PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review 36(2): 274285.Google Scholar
Garbin, David. 2013. “The visibility and invisibility of migrant faith in the city: Diaspora religion and the politics of emplacement of Afro-Christian churches.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39(5): 677696.Google Scholar
Gell, Alfred. 1998. Art and Agency. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Ghorashi, Halleh. 2010. “From absolute invisibility to extreme visibility: Emancipation trajectory of migrant women in the Netherlands.” Feminist Review 94: 7592.Google Scholar
Göle, Nilüfer. 2011. “The public visibility of Islam and European politics of resentment: The minarets-mosques debate.” Philosophy and Social Criticism 37(4): 383392.Google Scholar
Goldstein-Gidoni, Ofra. 2001. “The making and marking of the Japanese and the Western in Japanese contemporary material culture.” Journal of Material Culture 6(1): 6790.Google Scholar
Griffiths, Melanie. 2014. “Out of time: The temporal uncertainties of refused asylum seekers and immigration detainees.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40(12): 19912009.Google Scholar
Gross, Larry. 2001. Up from Invisibility: Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Media in America. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Grundy-Warr, Carl. 2004. “The silence and violence of forced migration: The Myanmar-Thailand border.” In International Migration in Southeast Asia, edited by Ananta, Aris and Arifin, Evi Nurvidya, 228272. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Hall, Andy. 2012. Myanmar and Migrant Workers: Briefing and Recommendations. Mahidol Migration Center.Google Scholar
Handa, Amita. 2003. Of Silk Saris and Mini Skirts: South Asian Girls Walk the Tightrope of Culture. Toronto: Women's Press.Google Scholar
Ikeya, Chie. 2008. “The modern Burmese woman and the politics of fashion in colonial Burma.” Journal of Asian Studies 67(4): 12771308.Google Scholar
Ikeya, Chie. 2011. Refiguring Women, Colonialism, and Modernity in Burma. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press.Google Scholar
Juul, Kristine. 2014. “Performing belonging, celebrating invisibility.” Nordic Journal of Migration Research 4(4): 184191.Google Scholar
Keeler, Ward. 2005. “‘But princes jump!’ Performing masculinity in Mandalay.” In Burma at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century, edited by Skidmore, Monique, 206228. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press.Google Scholar
Kim, Hyun Mee. 2012. “‘Life on probation’: Ambiguity in the lives of Burmese refugees in South Korea.” Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 21(2): 217238.Google Scholar
Kong, Lily. 2011. “From precarious labor to precarious economy? Planning for precarity in Singapore's creative economy.City, Culture and Society 2(2): 5564.Google Scholar
Küchler, Susanne, and Miller, Daniel, eds. 2005. Clothing as Material Culture. Oxford and New York: Berg.Google Scholar
Htoo Htoo, Kyaw Soe et al. 2012. “Determinants of contraceptive usage among Myanmar migrant women in Phang-Nga Province, Thailand.” Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 3(11): 721728.Google Scholar
Lee, Sang Kook. 2014. “Migrant schools in the Thailand-Burma borderland: From the informal to the formal.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education 34(1): 125138.Google Scholar
Linke, Uli. 1999. “Formation of white public space: racial aesthetics, body politics, and the nation.” Transforming Anthropology 8(1): 129161.Google Scholar
Mac an Ghaill, Martin. 2000. “The Irish in Britain: The invisibility of ethnicity and anti-Irish racism.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 26(1): 137147.Google Scholar
Mahidol Migration Center, Institute for Population, and Hall, Andy. 2011. Thailand's Low Skilled Migration Policy: Progress and Challenges. Nakhon Pathom: Mahidol Migration Center.Google Scholar
Malkki, Liisa H. 1995. Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory, and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McIntosh, Peggy. 1997. “White privilege and male privilege: A personal account of coming to see correspondences through work in women's studies.” In Critical White Studies: Looking behind the Mirror, edited by Delgado, Richard and Stefancic, Jean, 291299. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Migrant Workers Rights Network. 2015. Challenges Faced by Migrant Workers in Thailand. Prachatai, 4 December. Available at: https://prachatai.com/english/node/5669.Google Scholar
Millar, Kathleen. 2014. “The precarious present: Wageless labor and disrupted life in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.” Cultural Anthropology 29(1): 3253.Google Scholar
Miller, Daniel. 2010. “Anthropology in blue jeans.” American Ethnologist 37(3): 415428.Google Scholar
Mills, Mary Beth. 1999. Thai Women in the Global Labor Force: Consuming Desires, Contested Selves. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Molé, Noelle. 2010. “Precarious subjects: Anticipating neoliberalism in northern Italy's workplace.” American Anthropologist 112(1): 3853.Google Scholar
Naber, Nadine. 2000. “Ambiguous insiders: An investigation of Arab American invisibility.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 23(1): 3761.Google Scholar
Naidu, Maheshvari. 2009. “Glaring invisibility: Dressing the body of the female cleaner.” Anthropology Southern Africa 32(3–4): 128138.Google Scholar
Noack, Georg. 2011. Local Traditions, Global Modernities: Dress, Identity and the Creation of Public Self-Images in Contemporary Urban Myanmar. Berlin: Regiospectra.Google Scholar
Okamoto, Ikuko. 2013. “Sex worker in Thailand.” In Figures of Southeast Asian Modernity, edited by Barker, Joshua et al. , 227228. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press.Google Scholar
Parla, Ayse. 2007. “Irregular workers or ethnic kin? Post-1990s labour migration from Bulgaria to Turkey.International Migration 45(3): 157179.Google Scholar
Pearson, Ruth, and Kyoko, Kusakabe. 2012. Thailand's Hidden Workforce: Burmese Women Factory Workers. London and New York: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Reeves, Madeleine. 2013. “Clean fake: Authenticating documents and persons in migrant Moscow.” American Ethnologist 40(3): 508524.Google Scholar
Roces, Mina. 2005. “Gender, nation and the politics of dress in twentieth-century Philippines.” Gender and History 17(2): 354377.Google Scholar
Rollock, Nicola. 2012. “The invisibility of race: Intersectional reflections on the liminal space of alterity.” Race, Ethnicity and Education 15(1): 6584.Google Scholar
Latt, Sai S.W.. 2011. “More than culture, gender, and class: Erasing Shan labor in the ‘success’ of Thailand's royal development project.” Critical Asian Studies 43(4): 531550.Google Scholar
Samie, Samaya Farooq. 2013. “Hetero-sexy self/body work and basketball: The invisible sporting women of British Pakistani Muslim heritage.” South Asian Popular Culture 11(3): 257270.Google Scholar
Sele, Lauren. 2012. “Talking nerdy: The invisibility of female computer nerds in popular culture and the subsequent fewer number of women and girls in the computer sciences.” Journal of Integrated Studies 1(3): n. pag.Google Scholar
Thanasombat, Sirithon. 2004. “Vulnerabilities and visibility: Thailand's management of female domestic workers from Burma.” Journal of Public and International Affairs 15: 123.Google Scholar
Tarlo, Emma. 1996. Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Toyota, Mika. 2006. “Health concerns of ‘invisible’ cross-border domestic maids in Thailand.” Asian Population Studies 2(1): 1936.Google Scholar
Turner, Terence. 1993. “The social skin.” In Reading the Social Body, edited by Burroughs, Catherine B. and Ehrenreich, Jeffrey, 1539. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.Google Scholar
Veerman, Richard, and Tony, Reid. 2011. “Barriers to health care for Burmese migrants in Phang Nga Province, Thailand.” Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 13(5): 970973.Google Scholar
Vertovec, Steven. 2010. “Cosmopolitanism.” In Diasporas: Concepts, Intersections and Identities, edited by Knott, Kim and McLoughlin, Sean, 6368. Londonand New York: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Vogel, Erica. 2014. “Predestined migrations: Undocumented Peruvians in South Korean churches.” City and Society 26(3): 331351.Google Scholar
Wald, Sarah D. 2011. “Visible farmers/invisible workers.” Food, Culture & Society: An International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 14(4): 567586.Google Scholar
Boonchalaksi, Wathinee, Chamratrithirong, Aphichat and Huguet, Jerrold W.. 2012. “Has permanent settlement of temporary migrant workers in Thailand begun?Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 21(2): 387404.Google Scholar
Werbner, Pnina. 1999. “Global pathways: Working class cosmopolitans and the creation of transnational ethnic worlds.” Social Anthropology 7(1): 1735.Google Scholar
Wing, Jean Yonemura. 2007. “Beyond black and white: The model minority myth and the invisibility of Asian American students.” Urban Review 39(4): 455487.Google Scholar
Wolf-Meyer, Matthew. 2015. “Biomedicine, the whiteness of sleep, and the wages of spatiotemporal normativity in the United States.” American Ethnologist 42(3): 446458.Google Scholar