A comparative study, using biological indicators, was conducted in Mali where two man-made reservoirs (Selengue and Manantali) are particularly suited for investigating the impact of fishing effort on the fish assemblage: these two ecosystems have relatively similar morphological, edaphic and environmental properties but are subjected to radically different levels of fishing exploitation (low at Manantali, high at Selengue). The comparison is based on a three-month survey of commercial fisheries, focusing on fishing activities and catches on the two reservoirs.

The results show that some indicators are useful for evaluating fishing impacts. Among these indicators are: fishing effort which is much higher at Selengue (22 800 fishing trips per month) than at Manantali (3000), catches per unit effort (lower at Selengue than at Manantali following a ratio ranging from 1.5 to 4 according to the gears used), annual yields per ha higher at Selengue (100 kg ha−1) than at Manantali (27 kg ha−1), the average fish lengths in the catches (16.2 cm at Selengue compared to 23.6 cm at Manantali) and the maximum lengths of the targeted species generally smaller at Selengue (10 to 30 cm) than at Manantali (30 to 50 cm). By contrast, a second class of indicators exhibit values that are contrary to expectations: the species richness (52 compared to 36), the species diversity (I sh = 4.02 compared to 3.24) and evenness (0.76 compared to 0.69) were higher at Selengue where 4 species accounted for 50% of the landings compared to only 2 species at Manantali (9 species compared to 7 for 80% of the landings). The trophic structure of the landings is higher (37% primary consumers compared to 49% at Manantali) as well as the mean trophic level (2.74 compared to 2.54 at Manantali).

Even if a good understanding of the two fisheries can explain the unexpected trends of the second class of indicators which increase with fishing effort, it clearly appears from this study that only the first class of indicators is robust and can be used for comparative studies across ecosystems.

A parameter of a model becomes a decision support indicator if it is used as an argument of a decision function. This implies consideration of a wider model than the initial one and to acknowledge its complexity. It is also necessary to include the estimation of parameters in indication theory and to consider a data driven approach. Data analysis leads us to provide sets of indicators. With reference to the statistical concept of sufficiency (Fisher 1925), such a set may also be considered as a set for indication, equivalent to the original data for any subsequent purpose of indication. From the same data set, several models may be built providing different sets for indication. None of them can be considered as the best; this depends both on the context (e.g. fishing practices) and on the addressed questions. No model must be chosen to the exclusion of alternatives: an illustration is given with models in relation to a catch-effort data set, with a case study on Senegalese small scale fisheries.

Fishing pressure on reef fish stocks, in relation to exploitable biomass, is a useful parameter for fishery resource management but difficult to assess in subsistence fisheries. A methodology for indirect fishery output assessment in island environments is proposed based on estimates of consumption and the relevant seafood trade. Ouvea atoll in the South Pacific (Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia), where subsistence fishing is the main activity, was used as the experimental site. A consumer survey of the islands' households was conducted in June 2000. The sampling plan was determined on the basis of data already available on the population concerned, making it possible to give quantitative and qualitative information on catches. Total catch is estimated to be 212 t y−1 composed mainly of Lethrinidae, Serranidae and Gerreidae. Subsistence activity is the main source of supply for two-thirds of households. These results were validated by a survey carried out on fishers at the same time that confirms the reliability of fish consumption as an indicator of reef fish catches. This study also showed that shoreline fishing remains the main activity in Ouvea: it's practised by 71% of households and provides almost 48% of total landings. A second stage was the identification of variables liable to influence consumption patterns: fishing practice (frequency and gear type), income, and household size seemed to be the main determining factors. These variables were integrated into a multi-dimensional analysis in order to define types of consumers. This consumption-based approach underlies a sampling strategy that could be extrapolated to other small South Pacific islands. It involves advantages of various kinds – accuracy, reliability, and cost-effective implementation – that make it a powerful tool for monitoring island fishery development.

Inshore marine areas host key habitats for the biological cycle of many marine populations, but are subject to strong anthropogenic pressure. Uses of inshore areas are multiple and often give rise to conflicting interests. In this context, marine protected areas (MPAs) and artificial reefs (ARs) are increasingly regarded as interesting management measures, in that they contribute to ecosystem conservation, fisheries sustainability, and because they can be helpful in zoning coastal areas in order to reduce conflicts between users. Beyond these expected benefits, it is important to appraise whether MPAs and ARs meet managers' objectives. This review focuses on the interaction between ecological sciences and management in the purpose of establishing or monitoring MPAs and ARs. We first study how objectives have to be formalized through management plans, and which kinds of information need to be collected in this respect. We then report management objectives related to MPAs and ARs, and list corresponding observed effects. Finally, we discuss the present role of monitoring and scientific research in the management process and propose a few perspectives for scientific research.

Marine Protected Areas (MPA) are often contemplated as a tool for the sustainable management of exploited resources and ecosystem conservation. This paper proposes an approach to establish a statistical diagnostic of the effects of MPAs on fish assemblages, and define corresponding ecological indicators. This requires choosing relevant variables (abundance, diversity, demographic parameters ...) and appropriate statistical methods. The study was based on data from the Abore reef Reserve in New Caledonia. Two sets of methods: 1-inferential linear models (ANOVA, GLM); 2- Partial Least Squares (PLS) methods of regression, were used to test the effects of this MPA. PLS enabled us to test simultaneously within a model, density, species richness, biomass and mean size variables of fish community to retain the most sensitive and relevant ones. Habitat variability was also taken into account in these models. Species were grouped according to several criteria: 1- feeding habit; 2- taxonomy; 3- mobility; 4- adult size; 5- demographic strategy. No significant effect of the opening of the Abore reef to fishing was found for mobility. Feeding habit was the only criterion for which the results from the inferential models and PLS showed a significant effect of reserve status for all variables. Species richness, density, and to a lesser extent mean size, were sensitive to the removal of reserve status, but not biomass. Results from ANOVA and PLS regression were consistent but the latter allows a more holistic approach as it integrates all variables within a single model.

A mass-balanced trophic model was developed for the coral reef lagoon of Uvea atoll (New Caledonia) using the Ecopath software. The model accounts for both pelagic and soft-bottom communities to describe the whole trophic structure and biomass flows in the shallowest part of the atoll lagoon. Phytoplankton production approximately equals the benthic primary production. Benthic biomass accounts for more than 80% of the total living biomass in the shallow lagoon. The benthic domain requires input of food from the pelagic system (mainly zooplankton) and from adjacent areas to sustain the biomass of predatory fishes. Predation pressure was found to be a major force structuring the food web, but it is also suggested that water circulation within the lagoon influences the amount of primary resources, such as plankton, benthic microphytes and detritus.

West African marine ecosystems are very productive and sustain important fisheries that have developed rapidly in the last decades. The analysis of the fishing impact on exploited resources is usually conducted through single-species assessments. In this study, we propose a complementary approach that enables to account for some ecosystem effects of fishing. In Guinea and Senegal, fisheries have developed relatively recently and at the same time, the collection of landings and surveys data has been carried out. In consequence, the data collection extends from a period where stocks could be considered as non exploited to a situation of overexploitation. This case study is analysed in order to detect shifts in the ecosystem structure in response to increasing fishing pressure. To this aim, trophic spectra and long time series of mean trophic level are examined for demersal fish communities. Trophic spectra display either the distribution of the demersal community biomass or the commercial catches according to trophic level classes. Some substantial and statistically significant changes in the trophic structure of the Senegal and Guinea ecosystems were observed. In particular, the biomass of the high trophic levels decreased whereas the lower trophic levels displayed a relative stability or an increase. This could be linked to a “top-down” fishing effect due to a release of predation on the lower trophic levels of the demersal fish community. In Senegal, the mean trophic level decreased significantly for both the catches and the demersal community biomass. Such a decrease was also observed for the coastal demersal biomass in Guinea. This showed that fishing activities had an impact on the trophic structure of the ecosystem, and a “fishing down marine food web” effect was shown in West Africa for the first time.

Conventional “spaghetti” tags and tags originally designed for “sport fishing” and called Betyp tags, were used during a tuna tagging program conducted on board Dakar baitboats in 1999. With the aim of comparing the recapture rate of both types of tags, additional information obtained from previous tagging trips are used in a Bayesian context to set up an informative prior for conventional tags. We show in this study (1) how to account for the sampling uncertainty in the construction of the Beta prior with a likelihood method, and (2) how a simulation-based alternative can be useful for performing the probability density function of the difference between two posterior recapture rates. On the light of the resulting simulated difference we found that Betyp tags have a very strong negative effect on the return rate of bigeye tuna (−19.6% on average). For skipjack the strength of evidence concerning the decrease in recapture rate due to the implementation of Betyp tags (−3.2%) was supported only at a 10% level. The Bayesian approach is compared with the conventional “frequentist” approach and with a likelihood method allowing for the integration of previous information. The results obtained from different approaches indicate that the choice of the method, as well as the choice of the prior, does not modify the conclusion of the study. Potential causes for explaining the lowest efficiency of Betyp tags are discussed.

This paper addresses the question of the relative importance of economic and regulatory (administrative) factors on the profitability of various components of a fishing fleet. The argument is that, while the official purpose of most regulatory measures is resource conservation, these measures may significantly influence the relative levels of incomes generated by various components of the fleet. When a large part of fisheries management is under the control of fishermen themselves, this illustrates how the endogenous generation of rules by groups of users may affect both economic efficiency and equity. The analysis relies on a field survey of a small-scale inshore fishing fleet of the Northwest part of Brittany (France),which provided data for simulations concerning the impact of various factors on the profitability of boats. According to the results of these simulations, two regulations, concerning the cost of access to some resources and the control of fishing effort, play a significant role in the difference of profitability observed according to boat size. At a time when the ageing of the fleet opens the question its renewal, this might influence durably the dynamics of the fishery.

The application of a simple, fast and reliable volumetric microrespirometric method to assess respiration of bivalve larvae is discussed. As a model, C. gigas larvae of various sizes were used. Metabolic activity of veliger larvae was assessed by measuring respiratory rate for use in ecophysiological modelling. As an example of the application of this approach, additional measurements of veliger respiratory rates were carried out to assess the effect on larval metabolism of different concentrations of leachate from wood treated with chromated copper-arsenate (CCA).Veligers of Crassostrea gigas (length from 95 to 331 µm) were fed with a mixture of Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros pumilum cells. Experiments were performed in a 20 °C constant seawater temperature. The wet and dry weight of four length (L, in µm) classes of larvae were obtained from which the relationship between total dry weight and veliger length was derived {DW = e (3.27+L×0.0154)} (R 2 = 99%). Moreover, tissue dry weight (TDW; in ng) was calculated according to Gerdes (1983). Since the mathematical model between larval length and respiratory rate explained 88% of the total variability, a more conservative approach using oyster larval dry meat weight (in ng) and respiratory rate (in µl O2 h−1) was developed to establish a linear model explaining 94.5% of the variability: Resp. = -3.849 × 10-4 + 5.211 × 10-6 × TDW. These experiments provided updated figures of C. gigas larval respiratory rates for use in ecophysiological models. The relationship between tissue dry weight and respiratory rate was close to previous estimates obtained by Gerdes (1983) and Hoegh-Guldberg and Manahan (1995) at 25 °C and 20 °C respectively. Our experiments demonstrate that volumetric microrespirometry is suitable for assessing larval respiratory rate and therefore can be used to assess impacts of pollutants on an early larval stage. Oysters exposed to leachates from chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treated timber at 5 kg m−3 showed initially highly variable respiratory rates while those rates decreased drastically for a 15 kg m−3 CCA treatment exposure. Among bioindicators using physiological response to assess pollutant effects, swimming activity and respiratory rates can be compared, the later showing a significant response at a lower pollutant concentration.

The induction of gynogenetic diploids during meiosis II in the scallop Chlamys farreri was attempted using the treatments of cytochalasin B (0.5 μg ml−1; CB) and 6-dimethylaminopurine (60 μg ml−1; 6-DMAP). The effects of CB and 6-DMAP treatments on meiosis and fertilization of eggs were also examined. Haploid gynogenesis was induced by sperm which were ultraviolet-irradiated for 30 s at an intensity of 2561 μW cm−2 s−1. CB and 6-DMAP treatments were highly effective in suppressing meiosis II, yielding 19% and 28% gynogenetic diploids, respectively. Compared with the CB treatment, the 6-DMAP treatment produced more expected D-shaped larvae. Cytological observations revealed that 6-DMAP inhibited pronuclear movements and the segregation of chromosomes, resulting in the formation of one big diploid female pronucleus with strong fluorescence, while CB inhibited cytokinesis, resulting in two female pronuclei formations. The UV-irradiated sperm nucleus developed into a male pronucleus, but did not participate in karyokinesis at mitotic anaphase, suggesting that gynogenetic diploids were induced in the scallop.

Several experiments using a self-regulated system were conducted to define the factors likely to influence the uptake of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) by oysters in the Penzé estuary (France, Brittany). Each 4-day experiment was carried out in a recirculated sea water system using 15 Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) separated from each other and supplied with unfiltered natural seawater containing alternatively toxic (Alexandrium minutum) or non-toxic (Skeletonema costatum) algal diets. The food supply and exposure times to toxic diets were determined according to field studies of the upstream and downstream movement of patches containing A. minutum. The experimental parameters corresponded roughly to the hydrological conditions generally observed in June when tidal coefficients are lowest and blooms occur: (i) A. minutum concentrations in sea water of 200, 5000 and 10 000 cell ml−1; (ii) inorganic matter consisting of 5 and 15 mg L−1 of calcinated muddy sediments; and (iii) low and high tide salinities of 25 and 35‰, respectively. Significant experimental contamination (greater than the 80 µg STX equiv. 100 g-1 sanitary threshold) occurred after 4 days of exposure for the monospecific A. minutum diet (20-200 cell ml−1) and alternated A. minutum and S. costatum diets (5000 and 20 000 cell ml−1, respectively). Contamination levels were less than the sanitary threshold for alternated A. minutum/S. costatum diets of 200 and 20 000 cell ml−1, respectively, and for a monospecific A. minutum diet (1000−10 000 cell ml−1). In the last case, the accumulation rate was quite low, possibly because of inhibition of the filtration rate related to a lower biodeposit production rate and decreased feeding time activity. The addition of inorganic matter appeared to play a significant role in the observed increase of toxin uptake, whereas salinity was not a determining factor for toxin accumulation rates. These last observations were corroborated by statistical analysis and stepwise multiple linear regressions integrating all or some of the experimental parameters.

Changes in nekton community structure in north Brazilian intertidal mangrove creeks were studied by setting block nets at high water in the wet season 1999. From a total of 47 species (27 families), the most abundant were: Cathorops sp. (Ariidae), Colomesus psittacus (Tetraodontidae), Hexanematichthys herzbergii (Ariidae), Pseudauchenipterus nodosus (Auchenipteridae), the shrimp Fenneropenaeus subtilis (Penaeidae), Anchovia clupeoides (Engraulidae), Mugil spp. (Mugilidae), and Anableps anableps (Anablepidae). Diversity H' was low (0.9). Mean values of fish density and biomass (± S.E.) were 0.2 ± 0.1 fish m-3 and 2.6 ± 0.7 g m−3 or 1.4 ± 0.4 g m−2, respectively. The high proportion of juvenile fish (87%) and shrimps point to the importance of intertidal mangrove creeks for fish nurseries. The number of species was highest at spring tide-night and lowest at neap tide-day. Evenness J' was lowest at spring tide-night when more rare species entered and dominant species increased in quantitative proportions. Four different species assemblages were identified as being triggered by factor combinations such as “tide” and “time of day”: spring tide-night, spring tide-day, neap tide-night and neap tide-day. High-water level influenced the species assemblages, but salinity and water temperature did not. Abundance of 14 species correlated positively with the high-water level. Strong spring tides yielded extraordinary high nekton catches, suggesting that high-water level is an important parameter in the tidal migration of fish. Most fish entered the mangrove to feed. Predation pressure was considered to be low because of the presence of only a few, mainly juvenile predators. Beach seining in the subtidal parts at low water revealed a high biomass (30 ± 14 g m−2). Larger fish withdraw to depressions, small fish and juvenile shrimp were abundant near the shallow banks, suggesting inter- and intraspecific splitting of the migration routes when returning from the intertidal zone at ebb tide. To cover the entire short-term range of tidal ichthyofauna responses, a sample design should consider the spring/neap and the day/night cycle.

Skates and rays constitute important resources for several fishing fleets of mainland Portugal with total annual landings around 1500 tons. Regardless of their commercial interest, landed specimens are not differentiated at species level. To get a preliminary insight into the species diversity of landings, a pilot sampling program on skates and rays composition was executed in the two ports of mainland Portugal with the highest landings of this group– Matosinhos and Peniche. Sampling was carried out once a month in each port between January and April 2001. Based on the information obtained, a new sampling plan was established for the artisanal fishery (gillnet fleet), at each landing port. This sampling program was conducted until the end of 2001. A total of eight species were identified. Raja brachyura and Raja clavata were the most common species found in the landings of each port, while Raja miraletus was only occasionally recorded. Rajidae landings in mainland Portugal are mainly by-catch of the artisanal segment of the commercial fishing fleet.