In this paper, dynamic behavior of multi-layered viscoelastic nanobeams resting on a viscoelastic medium with a moving nanoparticle is studied. Eringens nonlocal theory is used to model the small scale effects. Layers are coupled by Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic medium model. Hamilton's principle, eigen-function technique and the Laplace transform method are employed to solve the governing differential equations. Analytical solutions for transverse displacements of double-layered is presented for both viscoelastic nanobeams embedded in a viscoelastic medium and without it while numerical solution is achieved for higher layered nanobeams. The influences of the nonlocal parameter, stiffness and damping parameter of medium, internal damping parameter and number of layers are studied while the nanoparticle passes through. Presented results can be useful in analysing and designing nanocars, nanotruck moving on surfaces, racing nanocars etc.

This paper presents an analytical approach to analyze the vertical vibration of a simply supported beam subjected to pedestrian-induced loads. The loading time history of an individual footstep is simplified as a rectangular force pulse, and each identical footstep load acts at different locations along the beam depending on a step length. Although the loading model is very simple, it enables us to find analytical relations between the pacing parameters and the beam response. The results showed that the dependence of the pacing period, footstep contact duration, time delay of traveling between two pedestrians on the natural period of the beam as well as the step length can influence the dynamic response of the beam significantly.

Fracture analysis is performed on a cylindrical composite consisting of an outer elastic layer, an inner rigid cylinder and an intermediate sliding interface. Interaction between the sliding interface and a parallel crack under in-plane shear is explored. An interesting phenomenon of oscillatory normal stress occurs on the local interfacial region near to the crack. It leads to local sliding-prevention and promotion effects, which constitute the mechanisms for the variations of stress intensity factors versus interfacial parameters. In addition, another interesting conclusion is that a crack near and parallel to a sliding interface never has the conventional anti-symmetry, even under pure in-plane shear loading.

In-wheel motors offer a promising solution for novel drivetrain architectures that could penetrate into the automotive industry by locating the drive where it is required, directly inside the wheels. As obtainable literature mainly deals with optimization of electromagnetic active parts, the mechanical design of electromagnetically passive parts that indirectly influence motor performance should also be reviewed and characterized for its effect on performance. The following study uniquely evaluates the impact of mechanical design and its dimensional variations to air-gap consistency between on rotor glued magnets and on stator fitted winding, for the most commonly used layout of an in-wheel motor. To meet the optimal performance of an in-wheel motor, the mechanical design requires optimization of housing elements, thermal management, geometrical and a dimensional tolerance check, and proper hub bearing selection to assure consistent electromagnetic properties. This article covers the correlation between desired electromagnetic parameters and required geometrical limitations for ensuring functionality and high performance operation. Major mechanical contributors have been analyzed with analytical calculations, numerical simulations, and verified with different sets of measurements. The relative change of motor physical air-gap size, between the stator and rotor was correlated with electromagnetic flux density.

With the aid of the Green's function method and complex function method, the scattering problem of SH-wave by a cylindrical inclusion and a semi-cylindrical hollow in the bi-material half space is considered to obtain the steady state response. Firstly, by the means of the image method, the essential solution of displacement field as well as Green's function is constructed which satisfies the stress free on the horizontal boundary in a right-angle space including a cylindrical inclusion and a semi-cylindrical hollow and bearing a harmonic out-plane line source force at any point on the vertical boundary. Secondly, the bi-material half space is divided into two parts along the vertical interface, and the first kind of Fredholm integral equations containing undetermined anti-plane forces at the linking section is established by “the conjunction method” and “the crack-division method”, the integral equations are reduced to the algebraic equations consisting of finite items by effective truncation. Finally, dynamic stress concentration factor around the edge of cylindrical inclusion and dynamic stress intensity factor at crack tip are calculated, and the influences of effect of interface and different combination of material parameters, etc. on dynamic stress concentration factor and dynamic stress intensity factor are discussed.

Reducers are extensively used in many machines for reducing the speeds of mechanism. This paper proposed a new design of speed reducers to meet the performance requirements in high rigidness and large speed-reduction ratios. The movements of the reducer are designed based on the principles of differential displacements of the deceleration gear rings. The geometric models of the related components were designed using CAD software. The motions of mechanism were simulated for identifying the feasibility of designing including acquiring the kinematic properties. The mathematical models of structural stresses analysis were proposed so that the bending and contact stresses of the gear rings could be evaluated, accordingly. Finite element methods (FEM) were also used to analyze the structural stresses of the reducer. The studied results showed that the bending fracture of the gear rings would prior to its contacting fracture. The allowable loading of the reducer was then established according to the analyzed results of the maximum stresses on various transmitted torques. The methods of reliability evaluation were reported for considering the strength variation and calculating the reliabilities of the reducer at various loadings. The studied results are useful in structural design, stress analysis and reliability evaluation for developing high speed-reduction mechanisms.

The present article proposes the closed-form solution for analytical prediction of stability lobes in internal turning process. The passively damped boring bar is modeled as a cantilevered Euler-Bernoulli beam with constant cross sectional properties in which a Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) is embedded for the purpose of chatter suppression. The non-dimensional equations of motion are derived, assuming that the boring bar dynamics is well-represented by the fundamental mode of vibration. The stability of equivalent two-DOF dynamic model, i.e. boring bar with TMD, is analyzed in frequency domain. The closed- form expressions for critical depth of cut and spindle speed are presented in terms of boring bar and TMD characteristics. The proposed solution considers the effects of boring bar's structural damping and cutting geometry of insert on the stability behavior of passively damped cutting tool. An unconstrained optimization method is utilized to compute the most optimal set of tuning parameters for anti-chatter TMD. In order to improve the boundary of stability in a global sense, maximization of minimum critical depth of cut is selected as the objective of optimization. The superior performance of anti-chatter TMD is compared to H∞ and H2 TMDs for a wide range of applications. Moreover, the achieved results show a remarkable improvement of stability boundary compared to recent research works.

Prior to integrated circuit (IC) packaging, die performance must be verified using probe cards to screen for defective products. With the decrease in IC line width, the dimensions of the pads used for performance verification and the spacing between adjacent pads have also decreased. However, when the pad pitch is reduced to less than 30 μm, commonly used probe cards will face manufacturing problems in miniaturization. To resolve probe card manufacturing problems caused by the miniaturization of IC components, the use of an anisotropic conductive film (ACF) in probe cards was proposed in this study. Theoretical calculations and experimental testing of this probe structure were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of this concept.

In theoretical calculations, composite material and buckling theory were utilized to evaluate the buckling behavior of the ACF. In experimental testing, photolithography and electroplating techniques were used to control the line width and spacing intervals of the micron-scale metal wires in the ACF. After the ACF was fabricated, the mechanical properties of the ACF during wafer testing were assessed. Theoretical analyses and experimental testing verified that ACFs can potentially be applied to the performance verification of IC products. In the ACF structure, multiple probes came into contact with each pad. Therefore, ACFs can potentially be applied to the performance verification of IC components with pad diameters of less than 20 μm. The results of this study directly benefit the miniaturization of ICs.

In recent years, the material Au-20Sn eutectic solder, which is resistant to high temperatures, is used for electric interconnections in high-power modules, the material properties such as temperature and strain rate dependent stress-strain curve are critically needed for reliability assessment of Au-20Sn solder joint. Thus, this study was performed to determine the material properties of Au-20Sn eutectic solder under various strain rates and temperature loads. Many researches using shear test to determine the shear resistance of solder joint, however, the mechanical strength as measured by the shear test is the maximum shear strength of the package joint, but this measurement does not represent the stress-strain behavior of Au-20Sn material. To identify the material properties of Au-20Sn eutectic solder, the tensile test was performed to measure its mechanical strength and nonlinear material properties. The strain rate effect was examined in terms of the influence of the mechanical strength on the Au-20Sn eutectic solder at different tensile rates. The temperature-dependent material properties of Au-20Sn solder were also measured under various thermal loadings, and material properties of Au-20Sn obtained in this research can be applied to the simulation model, the thermomechanical behavior and reliability of the power module can be further analyzed and evaluated.

By introducing the concept of forming springback anti-coupled systems and considering the influence of the self damping effect, meanwhile establishing higher-order geometrical nonlinear equation of a high strength and low alloy (HSLA) steel plate, then a set of nonlinear dynamic springback governing equations of the plate are obtained. The finite difference method, Newmark method and iterative method are applied to solve the whole problem. Numerical results denote that the boundary conditions, thickness-length ratio of the plate and initial impact velocity of the impactor have great influence on the springback amount of the rectangular HSLA steel plate, besides the natural frequency is affected a lot by the boundary conditions and thickness-length ratio. The effect of higher-order geometrical nonlinearity on the springback amount of the plate can be ignored, considering the first-order geometrical nonlinearity is enough accurate for such similar nonlinear dynamic problems.

In this investigation, we intend to present the influence of the prominent viscous dissipation and Soret effects on mixed convection heat and mass transfer over the vertical frustum of a cone in a nanofluid. The model used for the nanofluid incorporates the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. In addition, the uniform wall nanoparticle condition at the surface is replaced with the zero nanoparticle mass flux condition to execute physically applicable results. The governing equations of a nanofluid flow in the dimensional form are reduced to a system of partial differential equations in the non-dimensional form by using suitable non-similarity variables and then solved by using a recently introduced spectral method named as Bivariate Pseudo-Spectral Local Linearisation Method (BPSLLM). The convergence and error analysis tests are conducted to examine the accuracy of the spectral method. To validate the method, the present numerical results are compared with the existing results in some special cases and the outcomes are observed to be in very good agreement. The effects of Brownian motion, thermophoresis, Eckert number, Soret number, nanoparticle and regular buoyancy parameters on the dimensionless surface drag, heat, nanoparticle mass and regular mass transfer rates over the vertical frustum of a cone are discussed and illustrated graphically.

This study examines how to stop the pyrolysis of fir needles, birch leaves, aspen twigs and their mixture using the minimum volumes of water. The combustion of forest fuels is suppressed by spraying water on their surface. The temperature of thermal decomposition is monitored throughout the layer of forest fuel by thermocouples. A high-speed camera and optical techniques allow us to study water spraying and its interaction with forest fuels. Finally, the study specifies the ranges of the minimum water volumes and the times of ending of the thermal decomposition of forest fuels. When analyzing the energy balance in the thermally decomposing forest fuel, a mathematical expression is formulated to predict the water volume sufficient to suppress thermal decomposition of forest fuel. This expression takes into account the ratio between the heat energy spent on water evaporation in pores of forest fuel and the heat energy of the reacting layer of forest fuel. The obtained dimensionless factor considers the main parameters of water spraying and the properties of forest fuel. This factor enables us to apply the research findings to forest fuel in various regions of the world.

A numerical investigation of an electroosmotic flow through a microchannel is presented. Lattice Poisson-Boltzmann method was utilized to determine the effective geometrical and electrokinetic parameters in a microfluidic system. The non-Newtonian fluid model is assumed to be viscoplastic which is suitable for modeling biologic structures. These types of fluids are shown to have a yield stress which affects the velocity profile significantly. Unlike Casson fluid constitutive properties, electrokinetic parameters are shown not to be effective on the yielded region in the microchannel. The influence of flow and viscokinetic parameters on yield height, plug-flow velocity and mass flow rate was studied and discussed.

This study presents a new groove profile using the slant groove depth arrangements to enhance the performance of micro-HGJBs. The computational analysis was based on the steady-state three-dimensional conservation equations of mass and momentum in conjunction with the cavitation model to examine the complex lubricated flow field. The simulated results of load capacity and circumferential pressure distribution of lubricant film are in good agreement with the measurement data and the predictions cited in the literature. Numerical experiments were extended to determine the pressure distribution, load capacity, radial stiffness and friction torque by varying the slant ratio of groove depth, eccentricity ratio, rotational speed and attitude angle. The cavitation extent of lubricant film was also studied for different slant groove patterns.