Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T13:58:32.610Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

From disgust to contempt-speech: The nature of contempt on the map of prejudicial emotions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 October 2017

Michal Bilewicz
Affiliation:
Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland. bilewicz@psych.uw.edu.plmikk@psych.uw.edu.plhttp://cbu.psychologia.pl
Olga Katarzyna Kamińska
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 03-815 Warsaw, Poland. olgakaminsk@gmail.com
Mikołaj Winiewski
Affiliation:
Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland. bilewicz@psych.uw.edu.plmikk@psych.uw.edu.plhttp://cbu.psychologia.pl
Wiktor Soral
Affiliation:
Institute for Social Studies, University of Warsaw, 00-183 Warsaw, Poland. wiktor.soral@gmail.com

Abstract

Analyzing the contempt as an intergroup emotion, we suggest that contempt and anger are not built upon each other, whereas disgust seems to be the most elementary and specific basic-emotional antecedent of contempt. Concurring with Gervais & Fessler, we suggest that many instances of “hate speech” are in fact instances of “contempt speech” – being based on disgust-driven contempt rather than hate.

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alvarado, N. & Jameson, K. A. (1996) New findings on the contempt expression. Cognition and Emotion 10:379407.Google Scholar
Bilewicz, M., Marchlewska, M., Soral, W. & Winiewski, M. (2014) Hate speech in Poland 2014. Summary of the national opinion poll. Stefan Batory Foundation.Google Scholar
Bilewicz, M., Soral, W., Marchlewska, M. & Winiewski, M. (2017) When authoritarians confront prejudice: Differential effects of SDO and RWA on support for hate-speech prohibition. Political Psychology 38(1):8799. doi: 10.1111/pops.12313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bukowski, M. & Winiewski, M. (2011) Emocje miedzygrupowe a stereotypy i zagrozenia spoleczne: Co jest przyczyna a co skutkiem uprzedzen? [Intergroup emotions and stereotypes and prejudice: Antecedents and consequences]. In: Wobec obcych: Zagrozenie psychologiczne a stosunki międzygrupowe [Toward others: Psychological threat and intergroup relations] , ed. Kofta, M. & Bilewicz, M., pp. 4059. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.Google Scholar
Cichocka, A., Winiewski, M., Bilewicz, M., Bukowski, M. & Jost, J. T. (2015) Complementary stereotyping of ethnic minorities predicts system justification in Poland. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 18:788800. doi: 10.1177/1368430214566891.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T. & Glick, P. (2007) The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92(4):631–48.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1872/1955) Expression of the emotions in man and animals. Philosophical Library. (Original work published in 1872).Google Scholar
Fiske, S. T. (2015) Intergroup biases: A focus on stereotype content. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 3:4550.Google Scholar
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P. & Xu, J. (2002) A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82(6):878902. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878.Google Scholar
Górska, P. & Bilewicz, M. (2015) When ‘a group in itself’ becomes ‘a group for itself’: Overcoming inhibitory effects of superordinate categorization on LGBTQ individuals. Journal of Social Issues 71:554–75.Google Scholar
Haidt, J. & Keltner, D. (1999) Culture and facial expression: Open-ended methods find more faces and a gradient of recognition. Cognition and Emotion 13(3):225–66.Google Scholar
Harris, L. T. & Fiske, S. T. (2006) Dehumanizing the lowest of the low neuroimaging responses to extreme out-groups. Psychological Science 17:847–53.Google Scholar
Harris, L. T. & Fiske, S. T. (2009) Social neuroscience evidence for dehumanised perception. European Review of Social Psychology 20:192231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, L. T. & Fiske, S. T. (2011) Perceiving humanity or not: A social neuroscience approach to dehumanized perception. In: Social neuroscience: Toward understanding the underpinnings of the social mind, ed. Todorov, A., Fiske, S. T., & Prentice, D. A., pp. 123–34. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hodson, G. & Costello, K. (2007) Interpersonal disgust, ideological orientations, and dehumanization as predictors of intergroup attitudes. Psychological Science 18:691–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inbar, Y., Pizarro, D. A. & Bloom, P. (2009) Conservatives are more easily disgusted than liberals. Cognition and Emotion 23:714–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, A. & Fitness, J. (2008) Moral hypervigilance: The influence of disgust sensitivity in the moral domain. Emotion 8:613–27.Google Scholar
Jost, J. T. & Kay, A. C. (2005) Exposure to benevolent sexism and complementary gender stereotypes: Consequences for specific and diffuse forms of system justification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88:498509.Google Scholar
Krumhuber, E. G., Tsankova, E. & Kappas, A. (in press) Examining subjective and physiological responses to norm violation using text-based vignettes. International Journal of Psychology. Advance Online publication. doi: 10.1002/ijop.12253.Google Scholar
Laham, S. M., Chopra, S., Lalljee, M. & Parkinson, B. (2010) Emotional and behavioural reactions to moral transgressions: Cross-cultural and individual variations in India and Britain. International Journal of Psychology 45:6471. doi: 10.1080/00207590902913434.Google Scholar
Schnall, S., Haidt, J., Clore, G. L. & Jordan, A. H. (2008) Disgust as embodied moral judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34:1096–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tausch, N., Becker, J. C., Spears, R., Christ, O., Saab, R., Singh, P. & Siddiqui, R. N. (2011) Explaining radical group behavior: Developing emotion and efficacy routes to normative and nonnormative collective action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101(1):129–48.Google Scholar
Whitton, A. E., Henry, J. D., Rendell, P. G. & Grisham, J. R. (2014) Disgust, but not anger provocation, enhances levator labii superioris activity during exposure to moral transgressions. Biological Psychology 96:4856.Google Scholar
Winiewski, M., Hansen, K., Bilewicz, M., Soral, W., Swiderska, A. & Bulska, D. (2017) Contempt speech, hate speech. Report from research on verbal violence against minority groups. Stefan Batory Foundation.Google Scholar