We prove uniform bounds for the Petersson norm of the cuspidal part of the theta series. This gives an improved asymptotic formula for the number of representations by a quadratic form. As an application, we show that every integer $n \neq 0,4,7 \,(\textrm{mod}\ 8)$ is represented as $n= x_1^2 + x_2^2 + x_3^3$ for integers $x_1,x_2,x_3$ such that the product $x_1x_2x_3$ has at most 72 prime divisors.

In this note, we use Dedekind’s eta function to prove a congruence relation between the number of representations by binary quadratic forms of discriminant $-31$ and Fourier coefficients of a weight $16$ cusp form. Our result is analogous to the classical result concerning Ramanujan’s tau function and binary quadratic forms of discriminant $-23$ .

The article focuses on the evaluation of convolution sums $${W_k}(n): = \mathop \sum \nolimits_{_{m < {n \over k}}} \sigma (m)\sigma (n - km)$$ involving the sum of divisor function $$\sigma (n)$$ for k =21, 33, and 35. In this article, our aim is to obtain certain Eisenstein series of level 21 and use them to evaluate the convolution sums for level 21. We also make use of the existing Eisenstein series identities for level 33 and 35 in evaluating the convolution sums for level 33 and 35. Most of the convolution sums were evaluated using the theory of modular forms, whereas we have devised a technique which is free from the theory of modular forms. As an application, we determine a formula for the number of representations of a positive integer n by the octonary quadratic form $$(x_1^2 + {x_1}{x_2} + ax_2^2 + x_3^2 + {x_3}{x_4} + ax_4^2) + b(x_5^2 + {x_5}{x_6} + ax_6^2 + x_7^2 + {x_7}{x_8} + ax_8^2)$$, for (a, b)=(1, 7), (1, 11), (2, 3), and (2, 5).

Z.-W. Sun [‘Refining Lagrange’s four-square theorem’, J. Number Theory175 (2017), 169–190] conjectured that every positive integer n can be written as $ x^2+y^2+z^2+w^2\ (x,y,z,w\in \mathbb {N}=\{0,1,\ldots \})$ with $x+3y$ a square and also as $n=x^2+y^2+z^2+w^2\ (x,y,z,w \in \mathbb {Z})$ with $x+3y\in \{4^k:k\in \mathbb {N}\}$ . In this paper, we confirm these conjectures via the arithmetic theory of ternary quadratic forms.

Let $\mathbb{Z}$ and $\mathbb{Z}^{+}$ be the set of integers and the set of positive integers, respectively. For $a,b,c,d,n\in \mathbb{Z}^{+}$, let $t(a,b,c,d;n)$ be the number of representations of $n$ by $\frac{1}{2}ax(x+1)+\frac{1}{2}by(y+1)+\frac{1}{2}cz(z+1)+\frac{1}{2}dw(w+1)$ with $x,y,z,w\in \mathbb{Z}$. Using theta function identities we prove 13 transformation formulas for $t(a,b,c,d;n)$ and evaluate $t(2,3,3,8;n)$, $t(1,1,6,24;n)$ and $t(1,1,6,8;n)$.

A lattice walk with all steps having the same length $d$ is called a $d$-walk. Denote by ${\mathcal{T}}_{d}$ the terminal set, that is, the set of all lattice points that can be reached from the origin by means of a $d$-walk. We examine some geometric and algebraic properties of the terminal set. After observing that $({\mathcal{T}}_{d},+)$ is a normal subgroup of the group $(\mathbb{Z}^{N},+)$, we ask questions about the quotient group $\mathbb{Z}^{N}/{\mathcal{T}}_{d}$ and give the number of elements of $\mathbb{Z}^{2}/{\mathcal{T}}_{d}$ in terms of $d$. To establish this result, we use several consequences of Fermat’s theorem about representations of prime numbers of the form $4k+1$ as the sum of two squares. One of the consequences is the fact, observed by Sierpiński, that every natural power of such a prime number has exactly one relatively prime representation. We provide explicit formulas for the relatively prime integers in this representation.

Let $\eta \left( z \right)\,\left( z\,\in \,\mathbb{C},\,\operatorname{Im}\left( z \right)\,>\,0 \right)$ denote the Dedekind eta function. We use a recent product-to-sum formula in conjunction with conditions for the non-representability of integers by certain ternary quadratic forms to give explicitly ten eta quotients

$$f\left( z \right)\,:=\,{{\eta }^{a\left( {{m}_{1}} \right)}}\,\left( {{m}_{1}}z \right)\,.\,.\,.\,{{\eta }^{a\left( {{m}_{r}} \right)}}\,\left( {{m}_{r}}z \right)\,=\,\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty }{c\left( n \right){{e}^{2\pi inz}},\,\,\,z\,\in \,\mathbb{C},\,\operatorname{Im}\left( z \right)\,>\,0,}$$

such that the Fourier coefficients $c\left( n \right)$ vanish for all positive integers $n$ in each of infinitely many non-overlapping arithmetic progressions. For example, we show that if $f\left( z \right)\,=\,{{\eta }^{4}}\left( z \right){{\eta }^{9}}\left( 4z \right){{\eta }^{-2}}\left( 8z \right)$ we have $c\left( n \right)\,=\,0$ for all $n$ in each of the arithmetic progressions ${{\{16k\,+\,14\}}_{k\ge 0}},\,{{\{64k\,+\,56\}}_{k\ge 0}},\,{{\{256k,\,224\}}_{k\ge 0}},\,{{\{1024k\,+\,869\}}_{k\ge 0}},\,.\,.\,.$

Let ${{\sigma }_{\mathbb{Z}}}\left( k \right)$ be the smallest $n$ such that there exists an identity

$$\left( x_{1}^{2}\,+\,x_{2}^{2}\,+\,\cdot \cdot \cdot \,+\,x_{k}^{2} \right)\,\cdot \,\left( y_{1}^{2}\,+\,y_{2}^{2}\,+\,\cdot \cdot \cdot \,+\,y_{k}^{2} \right)\,=\,f_{1}^{2}\,+\,f_{2}^{2}\,+\,\cdot \cdot \cdot \,+\,f_{n}^{2},$$

${{f}_{1}},...,\,{{f}_{n}}$

${{x}_{1}},...,\,{{x}_{k}}$

${{y}_{1}},...,\,{{y}_{k}}$

${{\sigma }_{\mathbb{Z}}}\left( k \right)\,\ge \,\Omega \left( {{k}^{{6}/{5}\;}} \right)$

We study the moduli spaces of polarised irreducible symplectic manifolds. By a comparison with locally symmetric varieties of orthogonal type of dimension 20, we show that the moduli space of polarised deformation K3[2] manifolds with polarisation of degree 2d and split type is of general type if d≥12.

In his “lost” notebook, Ramanujan stated two results, which are equivalent to the identities

$$\underset{n=1}{\mathop{\overset{\infty }{\mathop{\prod }}\,}}\,\frac{{{\left( 1-{{q}^{n}} \right)}^{5}}}{\left( 1-{{q}^{5n}} \right)}=1-5\underset{n=1}{\mathop{\overset{\infty }{\mathop{\sum }}\,}}\,\left( \underset{d|n}{\mathop{\sum }}\,\left( \frac{5}{d} \right)d \right){{q}^{n}}$$

and

$$q\underset{n=1}{\mathop{\overset{\infty }{\mathop{\prod }}\,}}\,\frac{{{\left( 1-{{q}^{5n}} \right)}^{5}}}{\left( 1-{{q}^{n}} \right)}=\underset{n=1}{\mathop{\overset{\infty }{\mathop{\sum }}\,}}\,\left( \underset{d|n}{\mathop{\sum }}\,\left( \frac{5}{n/d} \right)d \right){{q}^{n}}.$$

We give several more identities of this type.

We study sums involving multiplicative functions that take values over a nonhomogenous Beatty sequence. We then apply our result in a few special cases to obtain asymptotic formulas for quantities such as the number of integers in a Beatty sequence that are representable as a sum of two squares up to a given magnitude.

The convolution sum $\sum{_{m<n/16}\,\sigma (m)\sigma (n\,}-16m)$ is evaluated for all $n\,\in \,\mathbb{N}$. This evaluation is used to determine the number of representations of $n$ by the quadratic form $x_{1}^{2}\,+\,x_{2}^{2}\,+\,x_{3}^{2}\,+\,x_{4}^{2}\,+\,4x_{5}^{2}\,+\,4x_{6}^{2}\,+\,4x_{7}^{2}\,+\,4x_{8}^{2}$.

We consider bihomogeneous polynomials on complex Euclidean spaces that are positive outside the origin and obtain effective estimates on certain modifications needed to turn them into squares of norms of vector-valued polynomials on complex Euclidean space. The corresponding results for hypersurfaces in complex Euclidean spaces are also proved. The results can be considered as Hermitian analogues of Hilbert's seventeenth problem on representing a positive definite quadratic form on $\mathbb{R}^n$ as a sum of squares of rational functions. They can also be regarded as effective estimates on the power of a Hermitian line bundle required for isometric projective embedding. Further applications are discussed.

In this article, the authors collect the recent results concerning the representations of integers as sums of an even number of squares that are inspired by conjectures of Kac and Wakimoto. They start with a sketch of Milne's proof of two of these conjectures, and they also show an alternative route to deduce these two conjectures from Milne's determinant formulas for sums of, respectively, $4s^2$ or $4s(s+1)$ triangular numbers. This approach is inspired by Zagier's proof of the Kac–Wakimoto formulas via modular forms. The survey ends with recent conjectures of the first author and Chua.

As an application of the vector sieve and uniform estimates on the Fourier coefficients of cusp forms of half-integral weight, it is shown that any sufficiently large number $n\equiv 3$ (mod 24) with $5 \nmid n$ is expressible as a sum of three squares of integers having at most 521 prime factors.

Let $\textbf{F}\,{=}\,(F_1, \ldots, F_m)$ be an $m$-tuple of primitive positive binary quadratic forms and let $U_{\textbf{F}}(x)$ be the number of integers not exceeding $x$ that can be represented simultaneously by all the forms $F_j$, $j = 1, \ldots, m$. Sharp upper and lower bounds for $U_{\textbf{F}}(x)$ are given uniformly in the discriminants of the quadratic forms.

As an application, a problem of Erdős is considered. Let $V(x)$ be the number of integers not exceeding $x$ that are representable as a sum of two squareful numbers. Then $V(x) = x(\log x)^{-\alpha+o(1)}$ with $\alpha\,{=}\,1-2^{-1/3}\,{=}\,0.206\ldots$.

In this paper we prove that every positive definite n-ary integral quadratic form with 12 < n < 13 (respectively 14 ≦ n ≤ 20) that can be represented by a sum of squares of integral linear forms is represented by a sum of 2 · 3n + n + 6 (respectively 3 · 4n + n + 3) squares. We also prove that every positive definite 7-ary integral quadratic form that can be represented by a sum of squares is represented by a sum of 25 squares.

Let ${{\phi }_{1}},...,{{\phi }_{n}}\,(n\,\ge \,2)$ be nonzero integers such that the equation

$$\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{{{\phi }_{i}}x_{i}^{2}\,=\,0}$$

is solvable in integers ${{x}_{1}},...,{{x}_{n}}$ not all zero. It is shown that there exists a solution satisfying

$$0\,<\,\sum\limits_{i}^{n}{\left| {{\phi }_{i}}\left| x_{i}^{2}\,\le \,2 \right|{{\phi }_{1}}...{{\phi }_{n}}\, \right|}$$

and that the constant 2 is best possible.