Wittgenstein’s Tractatus deploys modal vocabulary, especially “possibility.” Some readers take this to signal commitment to substantive modal theories. For others, it is metaphysical nonsense to be thrown away. We steer a middle path. We uncover the central role of possibility in Wittgenstein’s philosophical development from criticism of Russell’s multiple-relation theory of judgment to the conception of propositions as pictures in the Tractatus. In this conception, modality is not the subject matter of theorizing but an ineluctable aspect of picturing of reality whose showing forth Wittgenstein aims to help us see by operationalizing the construction of propositions.

This chapter critiques Western and scientific philanthropy scholarly understanding of the nonprofit sector. It argues that this narrow analysis of nonprofits limits our understanding of Muslim prosocial behaviors that are less dominant in the academic literature. By examining the tenets and roots of Muslim prosocial action, we see how this specific view of social good has been limited in the broader conversation, which in turn has limited our understanding of the nonprofit sector across the world. The chapter also explores Muslim prosocial action by examining its theological and cultural sources to create a broader conception of giving behavior within an Islamic context, and discusses the challenges associated with strict adherence to the Western definition of the nonprofit sector for scholars who want to include Muslim perspectives and charitable acts. Ultimately, it suggests a framework that nonprofit-sector scholars can use to move beyond Western-centric definitions of prosocial action to include other cultural and faith perspectives. This approach treats Muslim prosocial action as a practice-oriented religious tradition.

The life sciences and social sciences typically study “complex adaptive systems:” nonlinear, self-organizing, adaptive, multilevel, multicomponent systems in which dense interconnections between elements produce irreducible/emergent systems effects. Systems and their components are partially (in)separable: they can be fully understood neither solely in terms of their parts (some outcomes are emergent) nor solely in terms of the whole (the character of the parts is essential to the nature of the whole). Important implications of a complex adaptive systems perspective for IR include a new view of international systems and their structures; a distinctive understanding of social continuity and social change; new perspectives on levels, theory, and explanation; new tools for comparative analysis; renewed attention to hierarchy; and a distinctive understanding of globalization.

Complex numbers are a critical component of the mathematics of quantum mechanics, so we provide a brief review. Topics include imaginary numbers, Euler’s formula, modulus, phase, and complex conjugate.

An overview of the foundational aspects of complex dynamic systems is provided. This chapter serves as a reference for applications of complex dynamic systems concepts and methods to concrete topics. This chapter argues that complex dynamic systems is an ideal candidate for realizing a process approach in psychology, without it necessarily being a monolithic framework.

The competence framework for prescribers states that they should be able to accurately complete and routinely check calculations relevant to prescribing and practical dosing. Prescribers should know about common types of medication error and how to prevent them. The incorrect application of dosing equations is considered a major contributor to preventable adverse events associated with the prescribing of medicines. Anyone required to check calculations performed by others must be competent to perform such calculations independently. A complex calculation is any process requiring more than one step in the preparation and/or administration of a medicine to a patient. Throughout the chapter there are useful tips on how to reduce the risks associated with complex calculations. This chapter includes information on units of measurement, units of amount and various methods used to calculate drug concentration, dose and rate of drug administration. Also included are simple pharmacokinetic concepts and calculations specific to palliative care. At the end of each section there are sample calculations (with answers) allowing readers to test their calculation abilities

This chapter introduces students to the study of morphology. We look in a preliminary way at the difficulty inherent in defining what we mean by a word and introduce the term morpheme. We introduce the basic concepts of simple versus complex words. Students learn the distinction between word tokens, word types, and lexemes. We end with a brief introduction to the difference between inflection and derivation.

Chapter 2 starts by analysing free and forced oscillations in a simple mechanical system, and the method of complex representation of sinusoidal oscillation is introduced, including phasor diagram in the complex plane. Moreover, the concepts of active and reactive power for such a system are introduced. Then the method of state-space analysis is introduced and applied to a linear system. Further, the delta 'function' and other related distributions, as well as Fourier analysis, are introduced and applied to linear systems. Moreover, causal and noncausal systems are considered, as well as Kramers–Kronig relations and the Hilbert transform.

Lagrangian discrete models are the most ancient and still most effective models used in mechanics to predict the behavior of complex systems. Their structure is presented here, in a very classical way, which follows the classical presentation given by Levi-Civita. Their flexibility is highlighted, together with their capacity to be used in very efficient numerical codes. They must be regarded as a preferred tool also in the formulation of problems in the theory of metamaterials.

This chapter and Chapter 12 apply many of the principles of effective negotiation from earlier chapters to the workplace context. The workplace is where a lot of our negotiating will be done, and Chapter 12 will look at these negotiations from a business perspective. This chapter focuses on negotiations between management and employee representatives – normally a trade union. These negotiations can be very difficult and the consequences of reaching a deadlock can be very costly for both sides of the negotiation.

We construct the complex numbers and explain how the more general notion of a metric allows us to study continuity in the new system.