Chapter 13 deals with the ultimate stage of plate convergence, which is continent-continent collision. Collisional orogeny starts when an ocean is closed and two continental margins collides. Structures, processes and evolution of collisional mountain belts are covered from a general perspective, and different types of such orogens are outlined. Asymmetric versus symmetric belts are explained, and the overall structure of an orogenic belt, from the non-metamorphic foreland to the high-grade hinterland or core. The chapter explores foreland basins and foreland thrusting-related structures such as duplexes and detachment folds, and how deformed foreland layers can be restored to explore orogenic displacements involved. It explains why the hinterland heats up as crustal thickening continues or is maintained, and how this can enhance mid-crustal flow and orogenic plateau formation. Continental subduction is also discussed, where one of the continental margins is pulled down to sub-crustal depths and ultra-high pressures. Models for exhumation of (ultra)high-pressure rocks and the channel flow model are discussed, as is the role of syn- to postorogenic extension. The chapter also covers intracontinental orogeny, where no ocean is involved, and covers erosional aspects of continental orogens.

Most intelligence models include an array of processes and mechanisms that enable experts to generalize their knowledge and processes during career transitions and produce flexibility in cognitive structures that enable individuals to overcome limitations in applying expert knowledge and processes across domains and functional areas. These processes have been described variously as insightful thinking, induction, eduction, elaborating and mapping, novelty and metaphorical capacity, inductive inference, divergent production abilities, analogy, flexibility of use, and closure. They are discussed in light of the retrospective interviews with twenty-four elite performers in three domains (business, sports, and music) who successfully and repeatedly transitioned to higher positions within their field.

Chapter six speaks against the popular image, commonly accepted within the circles of contemporary advocates of theistic evolutionism, of God creating within and through evolutionary processes, thus sharing his creative power with his creatures. The criticism of this idea is followed by a constructive argument that we should classify evolutionary changes and newly emerged species as an integral aspect of divine governance rather than divine creation, which for Aquinas means but one thing or action – i.e., bringing things into existence ex nihilo, and not through transformation of already existing matter.