Ticks are important vectors and reservoirs of pathogens causing zoonotic diseases in camels and other livestock, rodents and other small mammals, birds and humans. Hyalomma dromedarii is the most abundant tick species in Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates (UAE) affecting primarily camels, and to a lesser extent, other livestock. Species presence data, land use/landcover, elevation, slope and 19 bioclimatic variables were used to model current and future distribution of H. dromedarii ticks using maximum entropy species distribution modelling (MaxEnt.). The model highlighted areas in the northern, eastern and southwestern parts of the study area as highly suitable for ticks. Several variables including land use/land cover (LULC) (53.1%), precipitation of coldest quarter (Bio19) (21.8%), elevation (20.6%), isothermality (Bio3) (1.9%), mean diurnal range [mean of monthly (max temp – min temp)] (Bio2) (1.8%), slope (0.5%), precipitation, seasonality (Bio15) (0.2%) influenced habitat suitability of ticks, predicting high tick density or abundance. Middle of the road scenario (ssp2-4.5) where CO2 levels remain similar to current levels, did not indicate a major change in the tick distributions. This tick distribution model could be used for targeting surveillance efforts and increasing the efficiency and accuracy of public health investigations and vector control strategies.

Coffee berry diseases (CBD) pose significant threats to coffee production worldwide, affecting the livelihoods of millions of farmers and the global coffee market. Fractional calculus provides a powerful framework for describing non-local and memory-dependent phenomena, making it suitable for modelling the long-range interactions inherent in CBD spread. This study aims to formulate and analyse fractional order model for CBD transmission dynamics in the sense of Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo. Fixed point theorems were utilised to test the existence and uniqueness of the model’s solutions using fractional order. The basic reproduction number was calculated utilising the next-generation matrix. The model has locally asymptotically stable equilibrium positions (disease-free and endemic). Furthermore, the Lyapunov function was used to conduct a global stability analysis of the equilibrium locations. A numerical simulation of the CBD model was created using the fractional Adam–Bashforth–Moulton approach to validate the analytical findings. Our findings contribute to the development of more accurate predictive models and inform the design of targeted interventions to mitigate the impact of CBD on coffee production systems.

During the 1519–1522 Magellan expedition, the astronomer Andrés de San Martín made two remarkably accurate longitude measurements, an order of magnitude better than what was typical for the 16th century. How he managed to do so remained shrouded in mystery for the past 500 years. Using modern ephemerides, we have retraced San Martín's observations and calculated their error signatures, clarifying the method he used (a simplified version of lunar distances) and why two out of his six measurements were accurate (a rather fortuitous cancellation of errors). It would be rash to dismiss San Martín's work as sheer luck though, as he was an exceedingly rare combination of a capable astronomer and a knowledgeable mariner.

Ion homeostasis is a crucial process in plants that is closely linked to the efficiency of nutrient uptake, stress tolerance and overall plant growth and development. Nevertheless, our understanding of the fundamental processes of ion homeostasis is still incomplete and highly fragmented. Especially at the mechanistic level, we are still in the process of dissecting physiological systems to analyse the different parts in isolation. However, modelling approaches have shown that it is not individual transporters but rather transporter networks (homeostats) that control membrane transport and associated homeostatic processes in plant cells. To facilitate access to such theoretical approaches, the modelling of the potassium homeostat is explained here in detail to serve as a blueprint for other homeostats. The unbiased approach provided strong arguments for the abundant existence of electroneutral H+/K+ antiporters in plants.

Syphilis remains a serious public health problem in mainland China that requires attention, modelling to describe and predict its prevalence patterns can help the government to develop more scientific interventions. The seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model, long short-term memory network (LSTM) model, hybrid SARIMA-LSTM model, and hybrid SARIMA-nonlinear auto-regressive models with exogenous inputs (SARIMA-NARX) model were used to simulate the time series data of the syphilis incidence from January 2004 to November 2023 respectively. Compared to the SARIMA, LSTM, and SARIMA-LSTM models, the median absolute deviation (MAD) value of the SARIMA-NARX model decreases by 352.69%, 4.98%, and 3.73%, respectively. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) value decreases by 73.7%, 23.46%, and 13.06%, respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) value decreases by 68.02%, 26.68%, and 23.78%, respectively. The mean absolute error (MAE) value decreases by 70.90%, 23.00%, and 21.80%, respectively. The hybrid SARIMA-NARX and SARIMA-LSTM methods predict syphilis cases more accurately than the basic SARIMA and LSTM methods, so that can be used for governments to develop long-term syphilis prevention and control programs. In addition, the predicted cases still maintain a fairly high level of incidence, so there is an urgent need to develop more comprehensive prevention strategies.

Due to the rising multidisciplinarity and connectivity of products especially modular product families, a sophisticated handling of the information is crucial for reducing complexity during the development. System modelling techniques have evolved to assist engineers with managing information. However, nowadays, it is rarely focusing on modular product families. This paper introduces a meta-model based on an ontology, which improves the creation and management of modular product family and its occurring data. The meta-model is presented using the example of a Passenger Service Unit (PSU).

Anticipating all technical requirements that a product must meet throughout its lifespan has become difficult due to a rise in market, regulatory, and technological uncertainty. As a result, the attribute values of these requirements may be highly uncertain at the start of product development. We propose a mathematical model that captures and quantifies this uncertainty in a clear and comprehensive manner. We evaluate the approach by encoding uncertain requirements for an automotive project. Misconceptions regarding probabilities are alleviated and the requirements are unambiguously defined.

This study examines the use of graph centrality to identify critical components in assembly models, a method typically dominated by computationally intense analyses. By applying centrality measures to simulated assembly graphs, components were ranked to assess their criticality. These rankings were compared against Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis results. Preliminary findings indicate a promising correlation, suggesting graph centrality as a valuable tool in assembly analysis, enhancing efficiency and insight in critical component identification.

Quantitative analyses and models are required to connect a plant’s cellular organisation with its metabolism. However, quantitative data are often scattered over multiple studies, and finding such data and converting them into useful information is time-consuming. Consequently, there is a need to centralise the available data and to highlight the remaining knowledge gaps. Here, we present a step-by-step approach to manually extract quantitative data from various information sources, and to unify the data format. First, data from Arabidopsis leaf were collated, checked for consistency and correctness and curated by cross-checking sources. Second, quantitative data were combined by applying calculation rules. They were then integrated into a unique comprehensive, referenced, modifiable and reusable data compendium representing an Arabidopsis reference leaf. This atlas contains the metrics of the 15 cell types found in leaves at the cellular and subcellular levels.

Recent research has shown the potential of speleothem δ13C to record a range of environmental processes. Here, we report on 230Th-dated stalagmite δ13C records for southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia, over the last 40,000 yr to investigate the relationship between tropical vegetation productivity and atmospheric methane concentrations. We demonstrate that the Sulawesi stalagmite δ13C record is driven by changes in vegetation productivity and soil respiration and explore the link between soil respiration and tropical methane emissions using HadCM3 and the Sheffield Dynamic Global Vegetation Model. The model indicates that changes in soil respiration are primarily driven by changes in temperature and CO2, in line with our interpretation of stalagmite δ13C. In turn, modelled methane emissions are driven by soil respiration, providing a mechanism that links methane to stalagmite δ13C. This relationship is particularly strong during the last glaciation, indicating a key role for the tropics in controlling atmospheric methane when emissions from high-latitude boreal wetlands were suppressed. With further investigation, the link between δ13C in stalagmites and tropical methane could provide a low-latitude proxy complementary to polar ice core records to improve our understanding of the glacial–interglacial methane budget.

Bentonites are proposed to be used as buffers in high-level radioactive waste repositories. The elevated temperatures in repositories may, however, affect bentonites’ desired properties. For instance, heating under dry conditions can cause cation fixation, potentially affecting swelling properties. The kinetics of mineral dissolution and precipitation reactions will equally be influenced by temperature. Redistributions of Ca-sulphates and -carbonates have been observed, as well as illitization of smectite. Illitization, however, has only been observed in laboratory experiments at large solution/solid ratios, whereas it has not yet been unambiguously identified in large-scale experiments. In many large-scale tests, cation exchange is the first observable geochemical reaction. In addition, an enrichment of Mg close to the heater is found in many such tests. The thermal gradient and (incongruent) smectite dissolution are suspected to play a role with respect to the Mg enrichment, but the underlying mechanism has not been unravelled so far. To predict the long-term performance of a bentonite buffer, numerical modelling is required in order to be able to simulate the reactions of all accompanying mineral phases. Smectites, which dominate the bentonite composition, are therefore particularly difficult to characterise, as their dissolution is often observed to be non-stoichiometric. Various model approaches exist to simulate smectite reactions, mostly based on kinetic rate reactions, ideally considering the effect of pH (congruent or incongruent dissolution), temperature and the degree of saturation of the solution. Reassessing and improving the thermodynamic/kinetic data of smectites are prerequisites for improving long-term buffer performance assessment.