States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Unrecognized State — Extent to which its laws are to be given effect by Swiss courts — German Democratic Republic — Expropriation decree — Effect on legal bodies and their assets situated outside expropriating State — The law of Switzerland

States as international persons — Recognition — Of States — Consequences of non — recognition — Extent to which laws of unrecognized States are to be given effect by Swiss courts — German Democratic Republic — Expropriation decree — Effect on legal bodies and their assets situated outside expropriating State — The law of Switzerland

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Expropriation decree — Effect on legal bodies and their assets situated outside expropriating State — The law of Switzerland

The individual in international law — Nationality — Nationality of corporations — Domicile — Domicile of foundation in German Democratic Republic — Whether can be changed by authorities in Federal Republic of Germany — Unfair competition — Confusion between names of companies — Good faith test — Admissibility of name to be judged according to law of domicile — Relevance of non-recognition of State of domicile by forum State — Extent to which laws of non-recognized States to be given effect by Swiss courts — German Democratic Republic — Expropriation decree — Effect on legal bodies and their assets situated outside expropriating State — The law of Switzerland

States as international persons — Recognition — Of States — Taiwan — International Amateur Athletic Federation — Membership limited to one association from each “country” — Admission to membership of association from People's Republic of China — Resultant exclusion of Taiwan association — Whether valid under rules of Federation — Non-recognition of Taiwan by United Kingdom — Relevance — Whether Taiwan a “country” for purposes of Federation rules — Whether “State” co-extensive with “country” — Construction of Rules — Whether surrounding circumstances should be taken into account — The law of England

International law in general — International comity — Accession of Surinam to independence — Declaration of Intent by Government of Surinam with regard to treaty commitments — Presumption that treaties continue in force until notice of termination given — Hague Convention relating to Civil Procedure, 1905 — Whether courtesy requires nationals of Surinam to be granted rights under treaties covered by Declaration during transitional period — The law of the Netherlands

States as international persons — State succession — International conventions — Surinam — Accession to independence — Declaration of intent with regard to treaty commitments — Presumption that treaties continue in force until notice of termination given — Whether Declaration has effect within territory of the Netherlands — Hague Convention relating to Civil Procedure, 1905 — Whether courtesy requires nationals of Surinam to be granted rights under Conventions covered by Declaration during transitional period — The law of the Netherlands

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Waiver of rights — Right of sovereign immunity — Iran- United States Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, 1955, Article XI(4) — Scope of waiver of immunity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Preliminary injunction against agency of foreign State — Sovereign immunity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Requirements for jurisdiction — Subject matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction — Waiver of immunity — Iran-United States Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, 1955, Article XI(4) — Scope of — Commercial activity exception to immunity — Acts having direct effect in United States — Service of process — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — In foreign relations — Doctrine of act of State — Whether applicable in case of claim of aboriginal title — The law of Canada

State territory — In general — Nature of territorial sovereignty — Acquisition of territorial sovereignty — Conquest and annexation — Loss of territorial sovereignty — Title — Mode of acquiring title and territorial sovereignty — Legislation — Effect and evidentiary value of — Whether Proclamation and Ordinances of foreign State enough to extinguish title — Aboriginal title of Indians in Canada — Whether and how extinguished by Crown — Use of maps in territorial disputes — Jurisdiction of Canadian courts to declare claim of title against Crown — The law of Canada

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Installation of electricity cables linking Sardinia and mainland Italy pursuant to international agreement between France and Italy — Challenge by environmental group — Whether such works constitute a public utility — Definition of public interest by reference to international considerations — The law of France

States as international persons — State succession — Succession with regard to contractual and other obligations — Mandate concluded between French Government and foreign lawyer for legal representation of Foundation “Waqf Abou Mediane” — Claim for payment of outstanding fees — Whether French State liable under mandate — Whether obligation assumed by Algeria following its accession to independence — Declaration of Principles concerning Economic and Financial Co — operation between Algeria and France, 1962, Article 18 — The law of France

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For other breaches of contractual obligations — Mandate concluded between French government and foreign lawyer for legal representation of Foundation “Waqf Abou Mediane” — Claim for payment of outstanding fees — Whether France liable under mandate — Whether obligation assumed by Algeria following its accession to independence — Declaration of Principles concerning Economic and Financial Co-operation between Algeria and France, 1962, Article 18 — The law of France

International law in general — Sources — Customary international law — Sovereign immunity — Principle of immunity of embassy funds from enforcement jurisdiction of receiving State — Decision of German Constitutional Court as evidence of customary international law — The law of England

International law in genera — Relation to municipal law — Sovereign immunity — Immunity from execution — Bank accounts in name of embassy — Construction of English legislation — State Immunity Act 1978 — Whether permissible to construe Act against background of principles of intemational law — Whether recourse to intemational law always permissible where municipal legislation applies to interState relations or only in the event of ambiguity in municipal legislation — Relevance of intemational customary and treaty law — Principle of customary law derived from accepted practice as evidenced by judicial decisions in other jurisdiction — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — The law of England

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — In foreign relations — Soverign immunity — Immunity from enforcement — Funds belonging to Republic of Colombia in London bank accounts — Certificate by Ambassador that funds in use for non-commercial purposes of meeting day to day running costs of Embassy — whether purpose commercial — State Immunity Act 1978 — Principles of international customary and treaty law on immunity from enforcement jurisdiction — The law of England

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic envoys and their staff — Immunity from execution of embassy property — Bank account in name of embassy — Funds used for meeting running expenses of embassy — Whether funds in use for commercial purposes — Duty of receiving State to accord full facilities for functioning of diplomatic mission — State Immunity Act 1978 — The law of England

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — Foreign States — Sovereign immunity — Immunity from execution — Judgment creditor seeking to levy execution against foreign State by attachment of funds in foreign State's bank account in London — Whether permissible for English courts to exercise enforcement jurisdiction in this manner — State Immunity Act 1978 — Sections 3, 13 and 17 — Certificate of Ambassador stating that funds in question were in use for non-commercial purposes of meeting “expenditure necessarily incurred in the day to day running of the Diplomatic Mission” — Meaning of “commercial” — Relevance of principles of international law in construction of municipal legislation — Customary and treaty law on immunity of sending State from enforcement jurisdiction of receiving State — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Onus of proving property in use for commercial purposes — Evidential weight of certificate of head of diplomatic mission — The law of England

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Multilateral treat — Incorporation into domestic law — Convention on Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1927 — Arbitration Act 1930 — Orders in Council — Continuance in force under Arbitration Act 1950 — The law of Scotland

States as international persons — In general — Continuity of States — Whether affected by replacement of monarchy with republican constitution — The law of Scotland

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Peace Treaty with Romania, 1947 — Article 10 — Reference to bilateral treaties — Whether applicable to multilateral treaties — The law of Scotland

War and neutrality — War in general — Effects of outbreak of war — On treaties — Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1927 — Continuity of treaty relations despite territorial and constitutional changes — Treaty of Peace with Romania, 1947 — The law of Scotland

Treaties — Termination of — By operation of law — Outbreak of war — Effect on pre-war treaties and Orders in Council — Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1927 — Contractual dispute — Reference to foreign arbitration — Enforcement of award — Post-war requirement of notification to revive bilateral treaties — Whether applicable to multilateral treaties — Treaty of Peace with Romania, 1947 — Survival of multilateral treaties in the event of outbreak of war — Survival despite internal constitutional change — Cession of territory — Internal constitutional change — Effects on continuance in force of treaty obligations — Arbitration Act 1950 — The law of Scotland

States as international persons — State succession — International conventions — State practice as evidence of applicability of conventions — Hague Conventions relating to Civil Procedure, 1905 and 1954 — Whether applicable to Morocco following independence — Whether France and Spain intended Conventions to apply to Moroccan territory — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Foreign national as plaintiff before municipal courts — Whether can be required to give pre-trial security for costs — Hague Conventions relating to Civil Procedure, 1905 and 1954 — Morocco-Netherlands Convention on the Recruitment of Moroccan Workers, 1969 — The law of the Netherlands

States as international persons — State succession — Pensions — Algerian accession to independence — Governmental Declaration on Economic and Financial Co-operation of 19 March 1962, Article 15 — Whether applicable to non-accrued pension rights at date of accession to independence — The law of France

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Requisition of private property in Algeria by United States Army during Second World War — Agreement between France and United States for succession of France to resultant contractual obligation — Whether failures in conduct of France related to agreement justiciable by municipal administrative courts — The law of France

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For debts — Requisition of private property in Algeria by United States Army during Second World War — Agreement between France and the United States providing for succession of French State to resultant contractual obligation — Whether responsibility of France engaged by considerable delay in making payment — Whether alleged failure in conduct of French State relating to agreement justiciable by municipal administrative courts — The law of France

Treaties — Termination of — By operation of law — Outbreak of war — Second World War — Survival of treaties between the Netherlands and Germany — Re-activation of treaties following exchanges of notes in 1956 and 1961 — Legal effects of exchange of notes — The law of the Netherlands

War and neutrality — War in general — Effects of outbreak of war — On treaties — Whether treaty between the Netherlands and Germany survived Second World War — Re-activation following Exchanges of Notes in 1956 and 1961 — Legal effects of Exchange of Notes — The law of the Netherlands

States as international persons — State succession — In matters of extradition — International legal assistance in respect of fiscal offences — Netherlands-Germany Extradition Treaty, 1896 — Termination of Treaty as a result of Second World War — Re-activation of Treaty following Exchanges of Notes in 1956 and 1961 — Legal effects of Exchange of Notes — The law of the Netherlands

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — Whether interpretation of international conventions exclusively a matter for the Executive The law of France

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Over territory in general and persons and property situated therein — Foreign aircraft in transit at international airport — Whether territorial State or State of registration entitled to exercise jurisdiction — Right of search — Whether foreign pilot liable to prosecution where prohibited merchandise discovered on inspection of aircraft during refuelling — Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, 1944, Annex 9 — The law of France

Treaties — Interpretation of — Miscellaneous — Whether interpretation of treaties exclusively a matter for the executive — The law of France

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of municipal legislation — Circumstances in which municipal legislation overrides an international convention — Interpretation of international conventions — Whether exclusively a matter for the executive — Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, 1944, Annex 9 — Whether directly applicable under municipal law — Jurisdiction over territory and persons and property situated therein — Foreign aircraft in transit at international airport — Whether territorial State or State of registration entitled to exercise jurisdiction — Right of search — Whether foreign pilot liable to prosecution where prohibited merchandise discovered on inspection of aircraft during refuelling — The law of France

States as international persons — Recognition — Of States — Entitlement of German Democratic Republic, as successor to German Reich, to invoke international convention against another Contracting State — German Democratic Republic not recognized by other Contracting State — Consequences of non — recognition — The law of Switzerland

States as international persons — State succession — International conventions — Geneva Convention on the Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1927 — Whether applicable between Switzerland and German Democratic Republic — Whether German Democratic Republic entitled to invoke Convention as successor of German Reich — Condition of reciprocity — Relevance of failure of Switzerland to recognize German Democratic Republic — Consequences of nonrecognition — The law of Switzerland

States as international persons — In general — The beginning of State existence — Accession to independence of the Comoros — Consultation of populations of the islands making up the Comoros — Unilateral Declaration of Independence by Representative Assembly of the Comoros — Opposition of the island of Mayotte — Admission of the Comoros to membership of the United Nations — French law providing for separate self-determination for the inhabitants of Mayotte — Whether violation of international law — Charter of the United Nations, 1945 — Whether violation of the French Constitution, Article 53 — The law of France

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Waiver of rights — Sovereign immunity from prejudgment attachment — Explicit waiver — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Romania — United States Trade Agreement, 1975 — Waiver of immunity from suit or execution or other liability — Whether having any bearing upon waiver of immunity from prejudgment attachment — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Sovereign immunity — Immunity from prejudgment attachment — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — State trading corporations and central banks — Whether agencies or instrumentalities of States within meaning of Section 1603(b) — Explicit waiver of immunity — Romania-United States Trade Agreement, 1975 — Waiver of immunity from suit or execution or other liability — Whether having any bearing upon waiver of immunity from prejudgment attachment — Relief by injunction — Whether possible — The law of the United States

States as international persons — State succession — International conventions — United Kingdom-United States Extradition Treaty, 1931 made applicable to Colony of Jamaica — Whether continued as part of laws of Jamaica after independence — ‘Clean slate’ theory — Application of — Whether a customary rule of international law — Conduct of parties concerned — Jamaican Constitution 1962 — The law of Jamaica

The individual in international law — Extradition — Extraditable crimes — Enumerative method of characterization — Conspiracy to commit crime — Whether separate from attempt — Extradition Act 1870 — The law of Jamaica

Treaties — Termination of — By operation of law — In general — United Kingdom-United States Extradition Treaty, 1931 made applicable to Jamaican colony — Whether continued as part of laws of Jamaica after independence — ‘Clean slate’ theory — Application of — Whether predecessor States’ treaties can ever be revived Express agreement or conduct — The law ofJamaica

States as international persons — State succession — In matters of extradition — United Kingdom-United States Extradition Treaty, 1931 made applicable to Colony of Jamaica — Whether continued as part of laws of Jamaica after independence — ‘Clean slate’ theory — Application of — Whether a customary rule of international law — Incorporation into municipal law — Whether contrary to statutes — Jamaican Constitution 1962 — Conduct of parties concerned — Extraditable crimes — Enumerative method of characterization — Conspiracy to commit crime — Whether separate from attempt — Extradition Act 1870 — The law of Jamaica

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Waiver of rights — Sovereign immunity from pre-judgment attachment — Exception of explicit waiver — Requirements and meaning of — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Instrumentality of government — Prejudgment attachment of assets — Sovereign immunity — Exception of explicit waiver of immunity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976, Section 1610(d)(1) — Whether words “prejudgment attachment” necessary as operative formula for waiver — Meaning of term “explicit” — Intention of contractual parties — The law of the United States

States as intemational persons — In general — Extinction of States — Effect on nationality — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

States as international persons — Succession of governments — In general — Effect on nationality — Russian Revolution, 1917 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

State territory — In general — Effects of changes of sovereignty — On nationality — Russian Revolution, 1917 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Nationality — In general Claim for unjust enrichment — Continuity of nationality of ownership of claim — Iran- United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — The law and practice of the Iran- United States Claims Tribunal

The individual in international law — Nationality — Acquisition of — Nationality as affected by change of sovereignty — Conditions for acquisition of nationality — Whether governed by international law or a matter for State discretion — Changes in sovereignty over State territory — Effect on nationality — Russian Revolution, 1917 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany Seep. 435 (Russian Nobleman Nationality Case).

The individual in international law — Miscellaneous — Refugees — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 12 (2) — Whether has retroactive effect on rights acquired under old personal status — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Whether has retroactive application — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Presumed intention of the parties — Policy considerations — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Whether has retroactive application — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

War and neutrality — Warfare on land — Occupation of enemy territory — Nature and effects of the occupation — Extent of legislative power of occupying State — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Nationality — Expatriation Loss of Nationality — Emigration — Whether automatically results in loss of nationality — Conditions for acquisition and loss of nationality — Whether governed by international law or State discretion — Succession of governments — Russian Revolution, 1917 — Effect on nationality — Changes in sovereignty over State territory and extinction of States — Effect on nationality — Russian citizen abroad — Whether affected by Soviet decree abolishing nobility — Personal and territorial jurisdiction — Definition — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 12 (2) — Whether having retroactive effect on acquired rights — Wartime occupation — Extent of legislative power of occupying State — Principle of good faith Applicability to measures enacted during occupation — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany