Antarctic ice-free areas are dominated by wind-dispersed organisms. However, which organisms arrive and circulate in Antarctica and how remain poorly understood. Due to their proximity to South America and less extreme conditions, the South Shetland Islands are likely to receive higher diaspore numbers. One possible consequence of climate change is that newcomers will be able to colonize ice-free areas, altering community compositions and impacting the native biota. We used DNA metabarcoding to identify non-fungal eukaryotic DNA present in the air that could potentially reach and circulate in Antarctica. Air was sampled near the Brazilian Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station on King George Island between December 2019 and January 2020. Sequences representing a total of 35 taxa from 10 phyla and 3 kingdoms were assigned: Chromista (Ciliophora, Cercozoa, Haptophyta and Ochrophyta), Plantae (Chlorophyta, Bryophyta and Magnoliophyta) and Animalia (Mollusca, Arthropoda and Chordata). The most diverse group were the plants (26 taxa), followed by Chromista (6 taxa). The most abundant sequences represented the green algae Chlamydomonas nivalis. The two angiosperm sequences represent exotic taxa; Folsomia is also exotic and was recorded only on Deception Island. Metabarcoding revealed the presence of previously undocumented airborne diversity, suggesting that the Antarctic airspora includes propagules of both local and distant origin.

Organotalcs, in which organic moieties are covalently bonded to Si atoms belonging to the tetrahedral sheets, are usually prepared by a sol-gel process starting from ethanolic solution of Mg nitrate, organo-alcoxysilanes, and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. In this case, gypsum-like particles are obtained. In this work, evaporation-induced self-assembly within aerosols was used for the first time in order to prepare organotalc spheres. These hybrid lamellar materials can be used as environmental barriers, as polymer fillers, and as catalytic supports. Using octyltriethoxysilane as a source of Si, spherical particles with sizes ranging from 20 nm to 1 µm are obtained. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy images show that the d001 value equals 2.8 nm meaning that, in this case, organic moities are either alternatively distributed or identically tilted in the interlayer space. Compared to the classical synthesis at room temperature or in autoclaves, and besides being a continuous process, the reaction time is reduced to several minutes instead of hours. Homogeneous forms are obtained by aerosol whereas irregular shapes are obtained in the classical synthesis.

We used a multidisciplinary approach integrating major, trace and rare earth element geochemistry, mineralogy of rocks and sediments along with the ionic composition of water reservoirs of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, to evaluate the record of water-rock interactions under Maritime Antarctic conditions. Our results showed that the ionic compositions of the streams and meltwaters predominantly reflect the atmospheric inputs, while lake waters have higher Na/Cl, Ca/Mg and HCO3/Cl ratios related to chemical weathering in lake sediments, but this did not allow for distinguishing purely silicate sources. Consistent with the trace and rare earth element data, various alteration indices and Index of Compositional Variability values denote the low degree of chemical weathering in the lake sediments. The records from the previously unexplored Mud Lake and Upper Lake suggest that the lakes of Admiralty Bay are better places to trace the impacts of a succession of environmental changes that have occurred in the watershed, while the stream channel sediments, when accompanied by water chemistry data, may provide a more representative composition of the source rocks than the lake sediments. These findings may help revealing the intensity of contemporary weathering in a colder climate with relatively few mineralogical changes accompanied by a lesser degree of elemental loss.

There is limited information concerning the viral load of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in aerosols deposited on environmental surfaces and the effectiveness of infection prevention and control procedures on eliminating SARS-CoV-2 contamination in hospital settings. We examined the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol samples and on environmental surfaces in a hospital designated for treating severe COVID-19 patients. Aerosol samples were collected by a microbial air sampler, and environmental surfaces were sampled using sterile premoistened swabs at multiple sites. Ninety surface swabs and 135 aerosol samples were collected. Only two swabs, sampled from the inside of a patient's mask, were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. All other swabs and aerosol samples were negative for the virus. Our study indicated that strict implementation of infection prevention and control procedures was highly effective in eliminating aerosol and environmental borne SARS-CoV-2 RNA thereby reducing the risk of cross-infection in hospitals.

Scanning electron microscopy, coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), is a powerful tool used in many scientific fields. It can provide nanoscale images, allowing size and morphology measurements, as well as provide information on the spatial distribution of elements in a sample. This study compares the capabilities of a traditional EDS detector with a recently developed annular EDS detector when analyzing electron transparent and beam-sensitive NaCl particles on a TEM grid. The optimal settings for single particle analysis are identified in order to minimize beam damage and optimize sample throughput via the choice of acceleration voltage, EDS acquisition time, and quantification model. Here, a linear combination of two models is used to bridge results for particle sizes, which are neither bulk nor sufficiently thin to assume electron transparent. Additionally, we show that the increased count rate obtainable with the annular detector enables mapping as a viable analysis strategy compared with feature detection methods, which only scan segmented regions. Finally, we discuss advantages and disadvantages of the two analysis strategies.

Interest in atmospheric aerosol issues has been increasing worldwide. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is an important atmospheric aerosol monitoring tool for inorganic component analysis, because XRF is a rapid and easy analysis method. In particular, Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) has drawn attention for aerosol analysis. However, EDXRF has difficulties that: (1) many overlapping peaks exist for aerosol filter analysis and (2) many thin-film standard samples are required when an empirical calibration method is employed. Accurate analysis method of aerosol filter samples without the need for large sets of standards by semi-quantitative analysis software RPF–SQX (Rigaku profile fitting–spectra quant X), which includes the exact profile fitting and thin-film fundamental parameter (FP) method, is described using the EDXRF spectrometer equipped with secondary targets and polarized optics.

L’objectif de ce travail est de caractériser l’émissionde particules radioactives de 99mTc (technétium-99métastable émetteur gamma de demi-vie 6 h) servant au marquage pulmonairedans l’environnement d’un service de médecine nucléaire. Nous avonsétudié les fuites du système générateur de particules radioactiveslors d’un examen de scintigraphie pulmonaire. Cette éventuelle sourcede contamination ambiante a été peu étudiée et une méthodologiede surveillance spécifiquement adaptée reste à développer. Pourmesurer les fuites des générateurs d’aérosols radioactifs étudiés,nous avons conçu une enceinte d’essai transportable permettant decapter les particules et de les échantillonner avec une précision connue,un niveau de bruit de fond très faible et une capacité d’enregistrerles émissions transitoires courtes. Nous présentons les opérationsde caractérisation de ce système et les résultats obtenus avec despatients. Ces résultats montrent que l’activité émise en ambiancepar les fuites du générateur est supérieure à celle déposée dansles poumons du patient par inhalation, soit respectivement 5,7 %et 3,8 % de l’activité initialement introduite dans le générateur.

La mesure de la radioactivité atmosphérique constitue une difficulté métrologique majeure. En fonction des mécanismes de prélèvement sur filtre et des paramètres de mesure, l'activité alpha des aérosols est sous estimée. L’énergie cinétique des particules alpha est atténuée dans la matière qu’elles traversent, et une partie de cette énergie ne parvient plus au détecteur. Le rendement de mesure est alors dégradé et nécessite une correction. Pour répondre aux conditions de mesures usuelles, le laboratoire a développé un modèle empirique pour l'évaluation des corrections de l’activité alpha en fonction de la masse des aérosols déposés sur le filtre. Le modèle a été validé expérimentalement et a permis une meilleure estimation de l'incertitude sur la mesure de l'activité alpha des aérosols. L'étude a contribué à une première évaluation du facteur de correction pour des filtres peu encrassés provenant de la région parisienne : Fαlabo= 1,6 ± 0,5.

Dans l’industrie nucléaire française, les doses engagées après inhalation de radionucléides sont généralement évaluées à partir de mesures biologiques dont l’analyse peut permettre de remonter (démarche ascendante) à l’incorporation initiale puis à la dose par application de la dose par unité d’exposition (DPUI). Une valeur spécifique de la DPUI peut être attribuée à chaque contamination. Cet article présente une synthèse des données de la littérature et de résultats de recherches en cours concernant les incertitudes sur l’estimation de l’incorporation, de la biocinétique des radionucléides et sur les doses après une exposition à des aérosols renfermant des actinides. Une comparaison des incertitudes a été réalisée après une application ascendante et descendante des modèles. Dans ce dernier cas, la contamination interne est évaluée à partir de prélèvements atmosphériques effectués au poste de travail. Les incertitudes les plus élevées sont calculées après une application descendante des modèles. L’interprétation des différents résultats qui sont ici rapportés souligne l’intérêt de la connaissance des incertitudes pour évaluer de manière réaliste l’impact dosimétrique d’une contamination accidentelle. Par ailleurs, différents exemples illustrent les limites de l’application de certainsmodèles de la Commission internationale de protection radiologique (CIPR) qui sont utilisés en radioprotection. Au-delà, cette synthèse souligne les difficultés de l’estimation du risque de cancer à partir d’un calcul de doses, notamment, du fait de l’hétérogénéité de leur distribution au sein des différentes régions cible du tractus respiratoire.

This investigation reports the first simultaneous measurement of methanesulphonate (MSA) and non-sea salt sulphate (NSSS) in aerosols, surface snow, and ice core samples for a continental site in Antarctica (78°S, 139°E, elevation 2849 m). Aerosol MSA concentrations ranged from 0.09–0.43 nmol m−3 STP (median 0.14 nmol m−3) and were generally lower than those observed at coastal Antarctic sites. NSSS concentrations varied from 0.66–1.32 nmol m−3 stp (median 0.88 nmol m−3), comparable to those reported for other continental Antarctic locations. Whereas the MSA:NSSS molar ratio in aerosol samples was in the range 12.7–32.5% (median 17.0%), the ratio down a snow pit and ice profile varied from 1.14–55.6% (median 3.50%), reflecting the variability to be expected over a period of a decade. The chemical composition and low MSA content suggests an origin of aerosols consistent with long range transport from mid-latitudes.