While the benefits of participating in care or medical decision making are widely reported, research on decision-making participation preferences usually reveals some portion of individuals who do not want to be involved. Data collected through structured, in-person interviews with 100 residents of six long-term care (LTC) facilities in Victoria, British Columbia, were used to examine participation preferences with respect to four types of care decisions (bedtimes, medication choice, room transfer, and advance directives), as well as predictors of these preferences. Residents with higher levels of formal education, a greater number of chronic conditions, and greater confidence about the worth of their input tend to prefer more active involvement in decision making. This research also suggests that predictors of preference for independent control over decision making (active involvement) differ from predictors of preference for joint or shared decision making. Implications for the empowerment of LTC facility residents and the meaning of decision-making involvement in these environments are discussed.

This study investigates temporal and control interpretations with verbs of risk followed by non-finite complements in English. It addresses two questions: Why does the gerund-participle show variation in the temporal relation between the event it denotes and that of the main verb whereas the to-infinitive manifests a constant temporal relation? Why does the gerund-participle construction allow variation in control while the to-infinitive shows constant subject control readings? The study is based on a corpus of 1345 attested uses. The explanation is framed in a natural-language semantics involving the meanings of the gerund-participle, the infinitive, the preposition to, and the meaning-relation between the matrix and its complement. Temporal and control interpretations are shown to arise as implications grounded in the semantic content of what is linguistically expressed. It is argued that the capacity of a natural-language semantic approach to account for the data obviates the need to have recourse to purely syntactic operations to account for control.

The aerodynamic drag of simplified car geometry with small span and strongly separatedwake can be reduced up 20% by using pulsed jet distributed along the rear window. Resultsshow an enhancement of transversal wake size in the control region, a displacement of themean positions of vortex wake structures, a decrease of velocities near the rear part anda reduction of vortex structure recirculation in the wake. These modifications produced bythe control are analyzed, commented and model based on simple strategy to build efficientand suitable separation control strategy is proposed.

The collection efficiency is the major indicator for the evaluation of the pollution rate and the environmental performance of the aluminium electrolysis process. This efficiency is proportional to the flow rate of the released gases at the chimney. Since December 2009, the normal flow rate has being decreasing and fluctuating in the Alucam smelting factory. At the Analysis step of the DMAIC methodology, the fundamental causes of the variations and the decrease in the gas normal fume flow rate were identified in a previous study. We intend here to stabilize the flow rate, to Improve the efficiency and to put into place a reliable mechanism of Control in order to maintain target variables within Six Sigma limits. Therefore, we propose an appropriate model of the pipeline network which permits us to identify the causes of the process low capability by excluding the interpretation controversy of the relation between the stopping of pots and the decrease in the fume collection and treatment installation. Then, we choose to achieve the modulation of the suction fan to adapt to changes in system load, and the replacement of the fan impeller to reach the continuous regulation of the flow rate. Benefits cannot be over emphasized because the company may improve on its collection and treatment efficiency, hence an effective reduction of dangerous gaseous fluoride emissions.

This paper reviews the literature on the relation of coping and control processes to health outcomes in late adulthood and presents new data on relations between coping and control processes and health for 295 World War II veterans. The results for the veterans showed that health was positively associated with cognitive coping, and negatively associated with behavioural coping and avoidance. No association was found between perceived locus of control and health. These findings, together with those in the literature, were discussed in terms of their implications for future research on the role of coping and control in health maintenance and their significance for people working with older persons.

The study focuses on perceived control and coping strategies regarding activity restriction due to osteoarthritis in a sample of older women. Using a cross-sectional design, it examines how these variables, separately and in combination, predict anxious symptoms and depressive symptoms. Perceived control did not predict anxious symptoms, while approach-type coping strategies did. Perceived control and approach-type coping strategies individually predicted depressive symptoms. Higher perceived control in interaction with avoidant-type coping strategies significantly predicted lower depressive symptoms. Overall, the findings suggest that perceived control and coping strategies with regard to activity restriction relate in different ways to anxious symptoms and to depressive symptoms.

The goodness-of-fit hypothesis contends that distress results due to incongruence between choice of coping strategies and perceived ability to change stressful stimuli. Goal-directed or active coping responses are believed to be most efficacious when the individual believes s/he can change or control perceived threats (i.e., problem-focused coping). Instances in which stressors must be accepted, however, would dictate reliance upon strategies to regulate distress (i.e., emotion-focused coping). Inconsistent support for this facet of Lazarus and Folkman's cognitive phenomenological model was obtained in this study of spouses of suspected dementia patients. The distinction between emotion- and problem-focused coping appears less germane than overall coping efforts relative to perceived control and caregiver burden. In addition, perceived ability to control dementia-related stressors appears to be somewhat independent of coping by caregivers. These findings are discussed in terms of the unique and chronic demands faced by spouses of persons with dementia.

Cet article traite du contrôle des décollements aérodynamiques pour réduire la consommation et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre des futurs véhicules automobiles. Après avoir passé en revue les moyens de contrôle passif, des exemples de contrôle actif par aspiration, soufflage ou par jet synthétique sont successivement présentés. Les résultats montrent le fort potentiel des solutions présentées. Des réductions de traînée proches de 20 % sont ainsi déjà envisagées sans que soit nécessaire de contraindre les géométries actuelles en termes d'habitabilité et de confort. Les coefficients de traînée aérodynamique des futurs véhicules automobiles destinés aux liaisons extra urbaines pourraient alors très prochainement tendre vers des valeurs voisines de 0,24. Cette évolution permettrait alors de réduire de 1,6 l sur 100 km la consommation moyenne d'un véhicule de moyenne gamme se déplaçant sur autoroute à la vitesse de 130 km.h-1. La réduction des émissions de gaz carbonique serait au moins de l'ordre de 7 g.km-1 suivant le cycle NEDC (New European Driving Cycle).

Une analyse du contrôle par soufflage des structures tourbillonnaires longitudinales qui prennent naissance sur les montants latéraux de lunette arrière d'un véhicule automobile est réalisée à partir d'une approche expérimentale sur le corps de Ahmed pour un angle de lunette arrière de 25°. Les mesures expérimentales s'effectuent à l'aide de vélocimétrie par imagerie de particules (PIV) stéréoscopique. Les résultats montrent que le soufflage est associé à une production de vorticité sur la partie supérieure de la lunette au niveau du cœur tourbillonnaire et une chute de la vorticité est relevée sur le bas de la lunette. Cette diminution de vorticité est de plus associée à l'apparition d'une zone de recirculation (vitesse longitudinale négative) dans le cœur tourbillonnaire caractéristique d'un éclatement tourbillonnaire. L'analyse des champs de vitesses azimutale et longitudinale relevés avec soufflage permet enfin de caractériser l'augmentation du nombre de Swirl du tourbillon longitudinal au-delà du seuil critique d'éclatement.

Dans ce travail, nous donnons une estimation logarithmique desdonnées de la solution u, d'un problème hyperboliqueavec condition aux limites de type Neumann, par la trace de urestreinte à un ouvert du bord, pendant un temps suffisammentgrand qui nous permet d'estimer la fonction de coût de ceproblème.

La contribution de l'aérodynamique pour le développement durable et sécuritaire dans l'automobile est présentée et argumentée à partir de travaux de recherche destinés à contrôler les écoulements pour réduire la consommation et améliorer la stabilité dynamique. Les résultats révèlent la complexité des phénomènes physiques et des problématiques à résoudre pour pouvoir agir sur les mécanismes d'apparition, de développement, d'interaction et de stabilité des structures tridimensionnelles décollées instationnaires. Cette complexité confirme la nécessité de développer des coopérations afin d'améliorer la compréhension des phénomènes physiques et rechercher des solutions qui permettent de contrôler des écoulements décollés associés ou non à des configurations transitoires.

A tsetse-control trial was carried out in a primary forest habitat on Unguja Island of Zanzibar to assess the effect of insecticide-impregnated blue cotton screens on a population of Glossina austeni Newstead. In November 1991, screens were deployed at densities of 45–70 per km2 and the fly population was monitored monthly using sticky panels. Both female and male daily catches were not affected during the initial five months after screen deployment, but the physiological age distribution of female flies shifted significantly towards younger groups. Females were more influenced by the screens than males. The fly population was very low after the long rainy season, but increased to pre-control levels three months after the flooding of the forest floor. Thereafter, male and female apparent densities decreased, and 78–91% and 98–99% suppression was obtained for males and females respectively at the end of the 18-month intervention period. While effective control of G. austeni using blue cotton screens was shown to be feasible, it required a high deployment density and a long intervention period.

A basic study of the behavioural responses of the harvester termite, Hodotermes mossambicus (Hagen) to poison baits was undertaken. Laboratory trials revealed that the collected baits were not incorporated into the termite nest food stores. The baits were never eaten because the nest-bound larval caste selects the food to be consumed by the entire colony, from the material collected by the foraging caste. Moreover, field observations have shown that the commercial bait, Kamikaze®, bears no resemblance to the grass collected by the termite foragers. This study revealed that observations of foraging and feeding behaviour of the termites are necessary before designing control measures.

Transgenic plants expressing Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxins are now being used commercially in several crop species. These toxins have demonstrated good control of temperate (Ostrinia nubilalis) and tropical (Diatraea grandiosella and D. saccharalis) stemborers in maize. Resistance to B. thuringiensis toxins has been reported in over 11 species in both field and laboratory studies, demonstrating the need for resistance management strategies to prolong the efficacy of this valuable pest management tool within an integrated control programme. Resistance involves reduced binding of toxins to midgut epithelial cells and is generally considered to be a recessive trait. Resistance management will require the use of spatial and temporal refugia which may require unique schemes for each pest complex. Information is presented on the mode of action of cry toxins, resistance mechanisms, interaction of transgenic plants and biocontrol agents, and management/deployment strategies for transgenic maize in tropical ecologies.

In Zambia, termites have been recognized as pests of agricultural crops, plantation trees, structural timber, manufactured wooden goods as well as paper. This makes their control imperative. In line with the concept of pest management, appropriate control measures of termites must take into account their taxonomy, biology and ecology, as well the assessment of crop damage and yield losses. This paper discusses some of the problems inherent in developing such a scheme in Zambia and provides alternative solutions.

Insect pest problems on cowpeas can be reduced by use of strategies which involve ecological manipulations. These include crop diversification (mixed cropping, etc.), alteration of planting dates, crop rotation, trap-cropping and weed control. The merits of these cultural methods of pest control are discussed.

The status of biological control of cowpea pests is still low but promising. The crop is an annual and therefore offers very limited possibilities for the application of the classical biological control techniques. However, a large number of parasitic Hymenoptera, Diptera and predatory Hemiptera, notably Reduviids have been identified in the cowpea ecosystem. Ecological studies of some of these have been carried out and levels of parasitism determined in a few cases, but their significance in the dynamics of cowpea pest populations have not been fully established.

It is however known that conservation of parasites and predators in their wild environment is one of the traditional biological control methods. Therefore, a rationalized pesticide programme for the control of cowpea pests should aim at preventing hazards to their natural enemies so as to increase their biocontrol efficiency.

The small scale farming communities own and store much of the cereals they produce. Various aspects of the infestation problem encountered with insect pests of stored cereals have been examined to illustrate the current status of the pest. Reduction of food losses could be effected during producer, consumer and export storage. However, effective management of pest species requires thorough knowledge of the biology and the ecosystem they inhabit. The current management strategies directed against these pests have been examined.

The legume pod-borer, Maruca testulalis, continues to be a major limitation to successful cowpea cultivation in many countries. During the past decade, research on this insect has increased in scope and intensity at international agricultural research centres and a number of universities. The work that has been done on the biology and control of this pest at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) is briefly discussed with emphasis on the development of a management strategy centred around host plant resistance, and some suggestions for future research direction are given.

The sweetpotato weevil (SPW), Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summer), is the most destructive insect pest of sweetpotatoes throughout the world. Losses due to direct damage, cost of control and regulatory action conservatively exceed $7 m annually in the USA. First reported in New Orleans in 1875, SPW has infested 11 states over time. Studies in Louisiana indicate SPW control by leaving postharvest residue on the soil surface, by applying a protectant to roots going into storage, spraying plant beds, and by using cut plants. SPW quarantine has effectively reduced detections in Alabama. In North Carolina (NC), a restriction on potato growing in a small infested area isolated from commercial production has proven effective. The NC Extension Service initiated a multimedia programme on SPW. A resource notebook containing a slide set/script, coloured flyer, photograph, plastic embedded SPW stages, insect note and suggested news releases was shared during a 1-day-workshop. Television, an exhibit, oral presentations and newsletters were used to disseminate information. Promising SPW control tactics and management strategies were shared via a workshop and proceedings. Interest is high and traditional and innovative extension and regulatory activities have intensified, and the SPW remains in abeyance.