Many states, almost invariably among those most ignored in international relations theory, exhibit some inconsistent and initially incoherent behaviour on the world stage. In particular, some of them have appeared to invite international scrutiny of domestic practices on which their governments rely to stabilize domestic affairs and to stay in power, but for which they could be punished, often by the very state or organization whose attention they request. The introduction provides an overview of the book’s argument and its implications for international relations theory and practice, especially when these states are miscoded as strong supporters of the norms they in fact violate as part of their domestic stabilization. When powerful actors make concessions in order to acquire a success case within their global missions of rights promotion, democratization or good governance reforms, they may also contribute to a slow erosion of those same norms.

Empowering Labor uses a comparative study of Chile, Portugal, and Uruguay to analyze the underlying political dynamics that shape the use of wage policy as a pre-distributive instrument of leftist parties in power in unequal democracies. The book theorizes that the unity of the Left and labor’s political legitimacy are two main drivers for the usage of wage policy as a pre-distributive instrument for promoting inclusion. These factors are shaped by elite long-term strategies toward labor. Such strategies, when dominant for long enough periods, create path dependency, shaping differential opportunities for further options down the road. The book integrates large-scale historical processes with frequently analyzed short-term and agency-based factors to elucidate variation in the crafting of wage policies and reshapes the debate on the politics of pre-distribution in unequal democracies by situating the cases in a longer historical arc.

The chapter discusses the theoretical merits of analyzing how distributive strategies are based on the outcomes of wage policy reforms. This final chapter also draws theoretical lessons and identifies possible challenges that may lie ahead for leftist governments and their distributive strategies.

The final chapter concludes by first re-outlining the book’s central arguments. The chapter then revisits how the preceding chapters help shed new theoretical light on the source of regulatory barriers while also answering several empirical puzzles, including why similar risks frequently receive dissimilar regulatory treatment, why some nations impose more precautionary regulatory rules than others, and finally what is behind some of the most contentious agricultural trade barriers. Finally, the chapter explores the ethical implications of the book’s central findings and offers several concrete policy recommendations for addressing both the broader information asymmetry problems outlined in the book and the resulting biases that were identified.

This overview first discusses some traditional thoughts on public finance, particularly the thought of implicit taxation, which have had a profound influence on the behavior of the Chinese government historically and currently. It then describes public finance under the centrally planned economic system, followed by an examination of market-oriented public finance reforms before exploring the challenges to China’s public finance. Finally it explains the contributions of this book. By the end of 1956, China completed the “socialist economic reforms,” turning all large- and medium-sized private enterprises into SOEs and small private enterprises into collectively-owned-enterprises. In 1958, the government took back the land previously allocated to farmers and established the people’s communes.Another economic reform started in 1978, allowing private enterprises to develop and allowing farmers to grow whatever they like on the land allocated to them. A modern tax system and a social insurance system were established and local governments have been given some fiscal freedom. However, there are still problems with public finance.

The one feature of a paper that needs to draw attention of potential readers is its Title. The importance of this being very carefully worded is stressed. The chapter also covers the small sections of a paper that give information about the authors, their affiliations, which author is dealing with correspondence, the contributions of co-authors, any conflicts of interest, who to acknowledge and how to prepare reference lists. It mentions how in this electronic age papers can be tagged using a 'DOI'.

In many domains of linguistics, theoretical differences have led to entrenchment and a certain degree of fragmentation. Morphology seems to be different. Theoretical positions differ substantially, but the differences never get in the way of informing oneself about the reasons for adhering to a different framework, making use of it. In this volume, the following frameworks are discussed: a-morphous morphology (Anderson 1992), word and paradigm morphology (Blevins 2016), paradigm function morphology (Stump 2001, 2016), onomasiological approaches (Dokulil 1962, Štekauer 1998), construction morphology (Booij 2010), lexical semantic framework (Lieber 2004, 2016), and neo-constructionist approaches (Hale & Keyser 2002) such as distributed morphology (Embick 2015). This volume thus contains a wealth of theoretical approaches, methodologies, and descriptive issues: a fitting tribute to a linguist who made it his hallmark to serve the linguistic community with a broad range of textbooks, monographs, and research articles.

This chapter considers ownership of the family home which is often the most significant asset owned by the parties. Where a couple are not married or in a civil partnership ownership has to be determined through principles of land law and trusts. There are two approaches eithera resulting trust or a constructive trust and both are considered in detail although the resulting trust is used far less frequently today in relation to the family home. The resulting trust is based on contributions to the purchase price whereas the constructive trust is based on intention of the parties which can either be implied or express. Where property is owned jointly the court presumes equal ownership of the beneficial interest but this can be rebutted. There is far more flexibility with a constructive trust both in finding intention and also in quantification of the shares but the outcome of cases is far more uncertain particularly where the courts impute the intentions of the parties as to the size of the shares. Rights in the family home can also arise under proprietary estoppel.

The introduction provides motivation for our study, describes our approach to studying secrecy, outlines the contribution of our theory, and describes the plan of our book.

In Chapter 8, we discuss the downstream impliactions of our argument and its scholarly, practical, and normative contributions. We first return to the themes of transparency and power, and assess our empirical findings and the related research. We analyze how the presence of a confidentiality function in an international organization (IO) may influence power dynamics and institutional transparency, and derive implications for understanding how IOs can manage such tensions. We also synthesize lessons from existing research on path dependence as well as findings from our four empirical chapters to reflect on the likely origins and decline of confidentiality systems. The chapter then discusses the broad relevance of our theory for other empirical domains and briefly reviews extensions to peacekeeping, international finance, cybersecurity, and environmental issues, which suggest the wide applicability of our framework. We conclude by analyzing the implications of our claims for scholarship on international politics.

The final chapter summarizes the book’s findings, evaluates its contributions to the study of post-conflict democracy as well as the limitations of the research, assesses policy implications, and suggests additional avenues for future research.

I explain the key contributions of my book and the implications that my book has on corporate law and governance

I explain the key contributions of my book and the implications that my book has on corporate law and governance