Mutually fitting objectives presuppose capabilities and dispositions whose relative positions are identifiable and mutually recognized. This chapter reconstructs Adam Smith’s argument from his theory of fellow feeling to the theory of the division of labour and examines E.G. Wakefield’s reappraisal of Smith’s theory in terms of the distinction between simple cooperation and complex cooperation. Complex cooperation in the production sphere requires that the specific tasks carried out by specialized actors generate networks of materials transferred from one producer (or set of producers) to another. Division of labour by complex cooperation involves the dimensions of capabilities, tasks, and materials and requires proportionality conditions at the level of capabilities and tasks as discussed in Babbage’s law of multiples. A functioning network based on complex cooperation also requires a proportionality condition for interdependent materials in the light of the Hawkins-Simon condition for a self-reproducing economy. Alternative arrangements of capabilities, tasks, and materials bring about different production regimes, which are associated with different modes of coordination between production processes. The chapter examines the conditions under which the change of production regime entails switching to a different structure of social networks and leads to a different material constitution of the polity.

The chapter begins the look ahead that is framed in terms of ’deep pluralism’. It surveys the material conditions likely to shape the future, seeing a lot of continuity in the general availablility of a cornucopia of materials and energy, but transformational potentials in digital technology, biotechnology and the falling cost of access to space.

Chapter 16 opens by asking readers to identify the elements in their developing demonstrations that are in good shape and those that still need work. The chapter organizes such elements by analogy to a three-legged stool: One leg is a demonstration’s materials; another is a comprehensive plan; the third is the person doing the demonstration. Discussion of materials emphasizes practical considerations such as visual or manipulable items that are exciting, portability, backups, links to core points, and even duct tape. Discussion of plans emphasizes clarity on the demonstration’s goals, knowing how to use the materials, and having a stock of juicy questions; detailed plans make it easier to be flexible in the face of surprises. Discussion of the person emphasizes how people are crucial to cooperative conversations, how they make the materials more interesting and more entertaining, how their questions guide other people’s learning, and how they represent their fields. This chapter’s Closing Worksheet asks readers to write demonstration guidelines modeled in the Worked Example about a demonstration using dinosaurs to compare human language to other forms of communication.

A distinct branch of socio-environmental research, grounded in the physical principles of conservation of mass and energy, applies a systems modeling approach to society–environment interactions, emphasizing material and energy flows. Technology and technological advancement, alongside population and resources, feature prominently in determining the metabolisms linking society and nature. This approach mostly focuses on analyzing industrial systems (e.g. Ayers and Kneese, Meadows et al., Beck, Graedel et al.) but also offers insight on agrarian societies (Boserup) and hunter-gatherer communities (Fischer–Kowalski). Across these levels of social organization, technology is variously viewed as overcoming the limits nature places on society, as facilitating the resource exploitation and production of waste that lead to social collapse, or as the basis for internalizing externalities and building a circular economy. Key readings constituting this branch of socio-environmental research draw on tools from economics and engineering, such as input–output models, system models, feedback loops, environmental impact analysis, and material and energy flow accounting.

This chapter describes the fundamental and applied science underlying the synthesis of UNCD films, using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD), and systematic characterization of the mechanical (hardness), tribological (coefficient of friction and surface resistance to wear), chemical (resistance to chemical attach by corrosive liquids and other environments, including body fluids), electrical, and biocompatibility properties of the UNCD films, which make UNCD coatings a multifunctional material for a new generation of external and implantable medical devices and prostheses with order of magnitude superior performance than current metals and polymers used in current medical devices and prostheses.

This is a part of the scientific paper that today is often appended after rest of the paper has been reached. It has to give details of the techniques used, the reason for their selection and exact details of the procedures.The need for proper controls is discussed. Sources of materials have to be identified, modifications and limitations are to be included. Confidence in the data that emerges means that statistical tests must be appropriate. How this quite tedious section of the paper can best be assembled is explained.

This chapter argues both from the words and works of three twentieth-century masters, Frank Lloyd Wright, Adolf Loos, and Mies van der Rohe, that the Vitruvian values remained central to their architecture, for all the radical differences in style, materials, and technologies among their works and between their architecture and that of the Greco-Roman tradition. It also argues that for all the differences among these architects, the idea of freedom was central to their conceptions of the aesthetic appeal to architecture.

In this chapter, we discuss scheduling in network environments that are unique in the process industries. We study the basic features of this class of problems, including tasks consuming and producing multiple materials, shared utilities, and time-varying utility cost and capacity. In the next chapter, we will consider additional features, including material consumption and production during batch execution, material transfer activities, and unit deterioration. Problems in sequential environments can be expressed using the traditional representation based on batches (orders), stages (operations), and units (machines). This representation is insufficient for problems in network environments. Thus, we start in Section 7.1 with two frameworks, the so-called state-task network (STN) and resource-task network (RTN), for problem representation and the corresponding problem statements. In Section 7.2, we present two models based on a common discrete time grid, and in Section 7.3 we present a model based on a common continuous time grid.

Aspects of the structural mechanics, vibration dynamics and rotor dynamics of compressors including impeller manufacture are described. The background knowledge required to understand the key structural issues is given with some simple analytic solutions. These identify the effects of blade thickness and blade taper on the stresses and the vibration characteristics of impellers. Such analytical solutions are only available for the simplest geometrical cases but give an insight into the fundamentals. Complex computer-based methods are used for the more detailed mechanical analysis of blades. A brief introduction to rotordynamics is also presented with the intention to guide the engineering of robust vibration-free compressor shafts. The characteristics of a simple rotor assembly, known as the Jeffcott single mass rotor, are examined using the equations of motion. Some limits on multistage compressor design introduced by rotordynamics can be derived even on the basis of the simple Jeffcott rotor; for example, the shaft should be thick and short to achieve a high critical speed. More complex rotor assemblies again need to be analysed with computer-based methods which are readily available.

A survey of dissertations on Strauss reveals trends that emerged over time in terms of topics and methodologies that captured the interest of emerging scholars as well as the geographic locations and eras that produced the most research. Yet Strauss scholarship is not merely defined by the issues it addresses and questions it puts forward, but also by those it ignores or unwittingly pushes to the margins of discussion. After assessing the past, this chapter proposes topics and approaches largely absent in existing Strauss scholarship, many of which have been more thoroughly explored in related fields. While far from comprehensive, this discussion points to potentially fruitful paths for future research: the Lieder, his influence on contemporaries, his role as Kapellmeister and administrator, his material possessions, and his relationships with figures trusted to construct his legacy.

In this chapter we consider the differences and similarities between Classical and Christian approaches to epistolarity in Late Antiquity, and the extent to which we can speak of the ‘Christianisation’ of the letter-form in that period. We provide a consideration of the materials and mechanics of letter-writing in Antiquity, including materials, length of letters, dictation, scribes, autograph, and signature. After an assessment of the ‘pagan-Christian divide’, we take cognisance of the tropes of the letter and how Christianity made its mark in this regard. Subsequently we discuss literary vs papyrological letters. Finally we look at the various modes of address used by pagans and Christians in their letters.