This chapter outlines some of the difficulties of studying orthography in fragmentary languages from Ancient Italy in the first millennium BC. The authors advocate for a multilevel approach to get the most information from short, challenging and (sometimes) poorly understood texts. The chapter includes a number of case studies from Republican Latin, Oscan, Umbrian and Venetic, highlighting the problems posed by different kinds of texts. For Latin, some grammarians provide relevant information about the perceived ‘standard’ language, but their points of view may not always reflect the usage of their contemporaries. Oscan is written using three main alphabets, which allows a comparison of orthographies and of the execution of spelling rules across different regions. The Iguvine Tables, written in Umbrian, are a long and detailed religious document, written by different individuals in a small group of priests, in two main phases, and show a number of orthographic practices specific to these documents. Finally, Venetic furnishes an example of how punctuation can be as important as spelling to a community’s orthographic practices.

Given the individual and societal consequences of teen drug use, prevention efforts have increased in order to help avoid years of the debilitating effects that substance use has on the health and lifespan development of adolescents. Prevention programming focuses on changing adolescents’ existing habits that precede occurrence or worsening of the substance use behavior, whereas cessation intervention efforts focus on disrupting behavior patterns and offering proper treatment. Providing high-quality substance use prevention programs to adolescents requires sound, evidence-based material, implementation fidelity, interactive practitioner involvement, and use of appropriate delivery channels. When implementing these programs, practitioners need to consider the neurobiological, cognitive, social, and environmental aspects of substance use among youth to effectively address crucial time-points and processes during an adolescent’s life, such as puberty. Practitioners should also be aware of emerging threats to adolescents, such as use of marijuana, e-cigarettes, and opioids, and co-occurring substance use and mental disorders.