The HLVC project applies consistent methods of data collection, analysis, and interpretation to a range of languages and dependent variables. This is meant to mitigate the pattern of diverse findings from diverse studies that may partially result from diverse methods. This chapter therefore describes how the corpus is constructed, focusing on the cross-linguistic, cross-generational, and multi-method design, and gives details about recruiting, recording, and transcription of the sociolinguistic interview, the ethnic orientation questionnaire, the picture description task, and the consent procedure. It then describes the workflow for data processing and metadata construction, describing both how the corpus is organized (to be useful to additional researchers) and how we have analyzed variation of a number of variables to date. These include prodrop, case-marking, VOT, and (r) across multiple languages, apocope and differential object marking in Italian, and tone mergers, classifiers, motion-even marking, denasalization (an element of so-called lazy pronunciation, 懶音 laan5 jam1), and vowel space in Cantonese. It details the methods of analyzing ethnic orientation and several proxies for fluency (speech rate, vocabulary size, language-switching measures). Finally, it describes the methods used for constructing and comparing mixed-effects models for cross-variety comparisons in order to distinguish contact-induced change, internal change, and identity-marking variation.

This chapter recapitulates the main findings of the book. First, it rearticulates that the principle of CHM as the tenet for the DSM regime can stand against changes of circumstances as it reflects a trend of international law – community interests. Then, it explains the role each participant plays in the marine environmental protection in DSM. Thirdly, it highlights the role of marine sciences as well as the necessity to respond to its limitations. Fourthly, it clarifies international environmental obligations of participants. Especially, it highlights the fact that the ISA takes a leading role in applying the precautionary approach which is of particular importance in a context of scientific uncertainty of DSM’s impact on the marine environment. Fifthly, it synthesizes the establishment, content and implementation of liability of participants, and points out the practical difficulties in the application of liability regimes. Final observations about the future development of DSM regime are made in the end.

The council both followed precedents and created new ways of managing its affairs. It abandoned the “nations” and deputation structures of Konstanz and Basel in favor of classes, particular congregations of “minor theologians,” and congregations of prelate-theologians and of prelate-canonists, while retaining the general congregatons andformal sessions. Papal legates, whose powers increased with time, determined the agenda and presided over the proceedings. An effort is made to determine the numbers and nationalities of the participants for each of the three periods. The reasons for the failed participation of Protestants and Eastern Christians are explored.

In conducting clinical trials, we evaluate the most promising findings from translational research, gain perspective about mechanisms of action, and strive to identify treatments that are both effective and safe for a wide range of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. To assess the effectiveness of any clinical trial drug, we must first identify, screen, and follow representative participants through multiple trial phases, a years-long duration between discovery and efficacy. Clinical trials depend upon large, diverse, and well-characterized participant samples. Clinical trial populations must include representative variability across sociodemographic characteristics to capture unequal risk and potentially varied responses to treatment. Diverse participant samples are our best tool for generalizing effects to patient populations but are also one of our largest barriers to the timely and complete investigation of new treatments. Recruitment and retention receive some of the blame for the long, protracted timeline of clinical trials. Finding solutions for recruitment challenges will therefore improve the overall efficiency of study trials and the speed of drug discovery.

In Chapter 9, I outline some of the most important moral considerations involved in the design and conduct of research. I first discuss research funding, emphasizing conflicts between resource limitations and epistemic and moral values. I then discuss research space considerations, framing these in terms of dwelling practices that express our commitments (to hospitality, conservation, etc.) and that shape our communities and environments. Next, I discuss the moral affordances of research equipment, arguing that such equipment is not just a set of neutral tools but a way of extending and transforming our individual and collective embodiment. I then discuss how organizing research entails a moral ordering (of priorities and persons) set amid a micro-politics of local power relationships. Finally, I discuss some of the moral dilemmas involved in soliciting and managing research participation, focusing on the duties to cultivate the choice, voice, and safety of all who participate in research.

This chapter provides an account of ways that experimental methods can be used to uncover and identify decision-making biases. Investment arbitration tribunals derive their legitimacy from different normative, sociological and political processes than standing courts. In great part, these tribunals rely on tacit norms of behaviour among arbitration professionals. Understanding what factors affect how arbitrators make decisions in these kinds of adjudicative settings is essential in assessing critiques concerning the quality or correctness of their decisions and especially their independence and impartiality. The authors describe a promising alternative empirical strategy that utilizes survey experiments conducted on arbitration professionals to test bias claims. It discusses also how researchers can design experimental vignettes to mimic specific aspects of the arbitration process that are difficult to observe or manipulate in the real world context.

This chapter considers key aspects of the context that affect participants’ judgements of other people’s behaviour as well as their own. It starts by drawing an important distinction between context and the focal event and points out that while participants evaluate the focal event, that focal event is embedded in a context that frames interpretation and hence needs to be understood conceptually. The chapter explores it from two main angles: the scene and the participants, unpacking each of these angles in turn and considering how cultural factors may influence participants’ conceptualisation and interpretation of the various components of the context. The discussion not only emphasises that context is particularly important in intercultural encounters, but also that it cannot be limited to linguistic context, or even to aspects of contexts that can be studied with the conventional inventory of politeness research. Individuals bring a complex cluster of pre-existing extralinguistic and extra-contextual knowledge to interactions, and this cluster may underlie a striking variety of miscommunications in contexts where common ground is minimal. This, in turn, implies that any theory of context in intercultural politeness needs to be multidisciplinary in character. There are three main sections to the chapter: scene; participants; focal event.

The chapter considers communication beyond the minimal dyad. The first section looks at the challengs of multi-party dialogue in relation to the shared workspace framework. It discusses the various conversational roles in multi-party dialogues, distinguishing active participants from audience and overhearers, and considers collectives who speak as one voice.The second section of the chapter considers how monologue fits into the shared workspace framework and discusses the monological roles of designer and audience.

Scholarship on intercultural communication has emerged out of interdisciplinary research in anthropology, communication studies, education, linguistics, and more recently, applied linguistics. In order to establish a shared understanding of intercultural communication, this chapter clarifies how key concepts such as culture and communication are operationalized in this book. The chapter also presents culture as layered, and of communication as dynamically co-constructed by participants and the social context in which their interaction takes place. Additionally, this chapter introduces prominent models of intercultural communication from a social-scientific perspective, which can offer fruitful points of analysis in second/foreign language pedagogy.