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For over a generation, the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern and Central Europe delegitimized the abolition of private property in the means of production and the practice of central planning as an effective way to achieve the ends of socialism. However, the aspiration of achieving the ends of socialism remains to this day. This Element provides a narrative of a century-long debate that was initiated by Ludwig von Mises in 1920. In so doing, it tells the history of the problem of economic calculation in the socialist commonwealth and its continuing relevance for developments in economics, political economy, and social philosophy.
The Oceania region, particularly Australia and New Zealand, has recently welcomed a suite of strategies and policies to support the development of hydrogen. Australia’s current National Hydrogen Strategy strives to position the country as a top three global exporter of hydrogen by 2030. New Zealand’s Interim Hydrogen Roadmap aims to utilise hydrogen to decrease domestic emissions, foster economic development, and enhance energy security while supporting its 100 per cent renewable electricity by 2030 target. To achieve these hydrogen strategies and targets, it is essential to establish enabling regulatory frameworks. Regulation is required to strategically plan, identify, assess, and permit the development of onshore hydrogen production facilities and associated infrastructure, ensuring coexistence with multiple and diverse land uses. The chapter investigates the strategies, policies, and developing planning and licensing regulatory regimes for the development of renewable hydrogen in Australia and New Zealand. Specifically, it examines recent regulatory developments in two Australian states, Western Australia, and South Australia. Regulatory developments in both states are designed to facilitate the assessment and award of hydrogen production licences on Crown-owned pastoral leasehold land. As interest increases in the assessment and structure of hydrogen production licensing on complex land uses, the experiences in Australia and New Zealand provide important legal case studies. These experiences highlight the diverse approaches to planning and permitting hydrogen on pastoral land uses and offer valuable insights to support the development of future hydrogen economies.
The purpose of this study is to examine the national impact of workplace factors during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on mental health experienced by non-physician healthcare workers (HCWs).
Methods
This study consisted of an online sample of non-physician HCWs across the United States, including nurses, medical assistants, and physician assistants. The survey consisted of 93 questions, which included the Perceived Stress Scale, the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CESD-10) scale, questions about COVID-19 vaccination, sources of trusted information, and questions about work environment and training during the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate associations.
Results
In the final sample (N = 220), (81.8%) reported receiving at least one dose of a COVID vaccine. Most respondents trusted the CDC’s information on the SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 disease. Several workplace-related factors that occurred during the pandemic were associated with moderate to high levels of perceived stress, fatigue, and higher risk of developing depression. In particular, concerns about exposing others, experiencing discrimination related to their jobs, and caring for patients who died from COVID-19 were associated with increased perceived stress, depression, and fatigue.
Conclusions
The importance of planning by healthcare facilities should include planning for workplace factors associated with poor mental health among all HCWs.
Understanding the relationships between cetaceans and their environment is crucial for conservation. This study examined humpback whales in Bahía de Banderas, Mexico, identifying key calving habitats. From 2018 to 2023, 1066 sightings were recorded, including 242 mother–calf groups, 109 mating groups, and 715 other groups. Spatial analysis revealed a non-random distribution; both the Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney tests detected significant differences (P < 0.05) in site preferences. Calving mothers favoured habitats with a mean depth of 59 m and a distance of 2 km from the coast, while mating groups preferred locations at 126 m and 4 km, and other groups chose areas at 149 m and 4 km. All groups were found in relatively flat areas around 2° seafloor slope. A dispersion test indicated a significant relationship between the location of calving mothers and environmental factors. K-means clustering showed 83.6% of calving mothers' sightings at depths less than 40 m and 2 km from the coast. Ensemble species distribution models identified three critical calving areas: one large area (261.8 km2) along the north coast and two smaller areas (9.5 and 5.4 km2) at the southern end of the bay. This study highlights Bahía de Banderas as a vital breeding habitat for humpback whales, providing insights for conservation strategies to protect calving grounds during the breeding season.
As children learn more about language, they use it more effectively to achieve their conversational goals. They choose appropriate speech acts, establish joint attention, contribute new information, take up information from others, and take turns. They learn how to enter an exchange among others from as young as age two. Their intrusions in ongoing exchanges typically contain new information. Planning an utterance takes time, and children learn to plan what to say so as to take turns on time. This can be tracked in their answers to yes/no and wh- questions, where they get faster with age. They plan pretend play, assigning roles, assigning actions, and also utterances for each character enacted. They track common ground and design referring expressions for their addressees, and they repeat new words to mark uptake. They distinguish requests from offers, and, on occasion, persist in making repeated requests themselves. They clarify what they mean when asked and offer spontaneous repairs as well. In all this, they track what the others in the exchange say and choose when to enter the exchange themselves.
Edited by
William J. Brady, University of Virginia,Mark R. Sochor, University of Virginia,Paul E. Pepe, Metropolitan EMS Medical Directors Global Alliance, Florida,John C. Maino II, Michigan International Speedway, Brooklyn,K. Sophia Dyer, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Massachusetts
Providing medical care during a mass event requires important situational awareness and preparation. Significant planning and relationship building provides a foundation for creating an operational outline, and establishing crowd dynamics and expectations for related medical activities. Collaboration with stakeholders will provide insight into the operations of various other event management entities, and allows for more seamless operations during the event. Once an operational plan has been established and circulated, the event medical team can be prepared for the expected external and crowd conditions and respond appropriately, while maintaining vigilance for any emergency that may arise. Contingency planning is key for the medical team to have appropriate emergency response defaults. Special attention is also needed on communications strategies for real-time intel, information dissemination, and crowd management. Once the event reaches its end, it is important to establish stand-down procedures to be followed as the crowd disperses to ensure an orderly event closure. After action reports can provide valuable insights for future crowd management.
Productive scholars establish a routine, a rhythm, that boosts productivity. Most preserve morning hours to tackle their most intellectually demanding tasks and push more routine tasks like meetings and teaching to the afternoon. Most work 40-50 hours per week, though some work more, with about half that time focused on research activities. Productive scholars set goals, prioritize tasks, and orchestrate to-do list plans for reaching them. They are efficient. They fill large time blocks and small time pockets with scholarly work. They take breaks to keep fresh but don’t procrastinate. Productive scholars have learned to say “no” to invitations that interrupt priorities and other time-killing tasks and distractions. Most productive scholars seek and attain a healthy work-life balance that includes time for family, mental rejuvenation, and physical activity, and they lead stable lives marked by routine. Some, however, find it difficult to disengage from work. Female scholars, perhaps because of societal norms, are particularly challenged in attaining a work-life balance.
ERISA regulates most benefit plans offered by private employers, both pension plans and welfare plans. Pension plans systematically defer compensation until termination of employment (or longer), and welfare plans provide other types of benefits designated by statute, of which health insurance is the most costly by far. Because of the importance of ensuring retirement income, health care, and other socially valuable welfare benefits (such as disability income and life insurance), the Code permits plans with certain features to “qualify” for favorable tax treatment, on the theory that such a subsidy encourages provision of benefits that would not otherwise be available. ERISA’s chief policy aims are to promote informed decision making by workers; to prevent mismanagement and abuse of plan assets by administrators; to protect worker reliance on the benefit promises made; and to preserve employer choice with regard to offering benefits and, provided that minimum standards are met, in tailoring benefit programs to serve the needs of the business.
Starting off substantive engagement with Sun Tzu with a focus on calculation serves a positive purpose. It is a way of emphasizing to contemporary audiences that there is more to Sun Tzu than being tricky or unorthodox – the strands of his way of war that readers, at least Western ones, widely note and often lionize. In present usage, the umbrella term “calculation” is intended to serve as a flexible rubric capable of covering intendedly rational judgments of more than one kind, many intuitive, others more formally structured.
Chapter 3 explores the concept of success. It looks at simple definitions of success, such as the accomplishment of an aim or purpose or achievement of a goal. However, the complexity of the concept is also considered: one person’s view of success may be very different from another’s even within the same contexts. Career success is the focus of the chapter, and this can be conceptualised in two ways: from a personal perspective (job satisfaction) and from a societal perspective (wages earned or qualifications achieved). This provides an opportunity to discuss issues of job satisfaction and goodness of fit between an individual’s abilities/characteristics and the requirements of their job. An overview of the literature relevant to career success is included to provide a background to consider the relevance of these views to the success of dyslexic people. The literature on successful dyslexics is also considered. The chapter discusses the development of expertise and issues related to self-efficacy and confidence in job performance. This will provide an opportunity to discuss issues related to self-understanding, metacognition and planning, as well as goal setting.
Chapter 4 explores how the ideas discussed in the previous three chapters can be used for strategy development, which can help reframe the workplace challenges associated with dyslexia and identify personal solutions. This chapter initially explores positive and negative aspects of dyslexia as part of a further discussion of developing self-understanding of individual skills/abilities. It also includes a model to explain the difficulties experienced by adults with dyslexia in different contexts, and the role of metacognitive skill in mitigating these difficulties. A focus on the strategies that individuals can use to support success will involve outlining issues related to (i) understanding your dyslexia and yourself, (ii) being strategic, and using metacognitive and executive skills, (iii) never underestimating memory as it may be as good as that of others, (iv) making the most of your time through planning, goal setting and time management, (v) maximising motivation to build self-efficacy and confidence, (vi) seeking support from your social ecologies to find out how others can help, and (vii) promoting yourself positively, including disclosing dyslexia when appropriate.
Edited by
Richard Williams, University of South Wales,Verity Kemp, Independent Health Emergency Planning Consultant,Keith Porter, University of Birmingham,Tim Healing, Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London,John Drury, University of Sussex
The aim of this chapter is to provide a conceptual overview for emergency planners and responders of the different patterns of emergencies, incidents, disasters, and disease outbreaks (EIDD) and the challenges that they pose for mounting a mental health response. Issues covered include anticipating who is affected, where they are located, and how they can be identified and contacted, as well as other implications for public health and clinical services.
Edited by
Richard Williams, University of South Wales,Verity Kemp, Independent Health Emergency Planning Consultant,Keith Porter, University of Birmingham,Tim Healing, Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London,John Drury, University of Sussex
This chapter draws together key principles that underpin how the responsible authorities should respond to the psychosocial and mental health needs of the public who are affected. It presents an approach that blends psychosocial care with mental healthcare into a comprehensive and inclusive combined cross-agency approach that combines the prominent biomedical and psychosocial conceptual approaches.
Edited by
Richard Williams, University of South Wales,Verity Kemp, Independent Health Emergency Planning Consultant,Keith Porter, University of Birmingham,Tim Healing, Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London,John Drury, University of Sussex
This case study illustrates approaches to promoting the wellbeing of and initiating psychosocial care to support the mental health of the staff of public sector services in the UK. It focuses on staff who work in emergencies, including in the fire and rescue, police, ambulance, and search and rescue services, often referred to in the UK as the Blue Light services. This case study provides information illustrating what can be done to assist the work of employing organisations to promote the mental health of all employees – that is, senior, middle, junior, general, and professional managers and their staff. It describes important concepts in planning and in delivering interventions.
This chapter explains problems associated with planning infrastructure systems in order to improve resilience. Understanding the concept and basic methods for planning infrastructure investments is an important aspect for studying resilience because planning is a key process that contributes to resilience preparedness and adaptation attributes. Initially, the chapter discusses the fundamental problems and issues found when making decisions about investment allocations amid uncertain conditions. Then, probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) as still the main tool used in industry in planning processes is explained. Because characterizing intensity and other relevant attributes of disruptive events is an important component of planning processes for enhancing resilience, this chapter continues by exploring how these events – and especially hurricanes – can be characterized in order to obtain information that can be used as input for the planning process. Finally, the chapter concludes by discussing economic concepts and tools related to infrastructure resilience enhancement planning processes.
Chapter 14 explores the planning required for effective science teaching and learning. Whole-school or whole-centre planning and term planning are presented. The 5Es model (Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate and Evaluate) is introduced and demonstrated to illustrate the constructivist approach to developing science programs. Early learning centre planning is described, emphasising the importance of an emergent curriculum. The importance of planning a science-rich learning environment to support young children’s scientific learning is also noted.
Power and communications networks are uniquely important in times of disaster. Drawing on twenty years of first-hand experience in critical infrastructure disaster forensics, this book will provide you with an unrivalled understanding of how and why power and communication networks fail. Discover key concepts in network theory, reliability, and resilience, and see how they apply to critical infrastructure modelling. Explore real-world case-studies of power grid and information and communication network (ICN) performance and recovery during earthquakes, wildfires, tsunamis, and other natural disasters; as well as man-made disasters. Understand the fundamentals of disaster forensics, learn how to apply these principles to your own field investigations, and identify practical, relevant strategies, technologies and tools for improving power and ICN resilience. With over 350 disaster-site photographs of real-world power and ICN equipment, this is the ideal introduction to resilience engineering for professional engineers and academic researchers working in power and ICN system resilience.
This chapter outlines the epoch of urban planning evolution in Nigeria. It highlights and describes the nature of urban planning, the roles of planners, urban planning challenges, and prospects of urban planning in Nigeria. Urban planning in Nigeria evolved before colonialism. As the country transited from the colonial era to Independence, urban planning also went through significant transformation. It became an essential tool to facilitate orderly spatial arrangement of the various land uses with emphasis on promoting functional relationships among the various land uses so as to ensure harmony in the development of the built environment. This is considered a common good due to its importance for economic and socio-cultural development. The method of investigation is essentially an analysis of secondary data obtained from published journal articles and reports. Over the past years, urban planning has evolved as a discipline and an institutionalised profession. It has witnessed the enactment of many planning laws. However, the contention in this chapter is that, even with the presence of well-formulated urban planning, its future is far from bright. Urban planning in Nigeria lacks commitment from the government.
The Tower of London is commonly used to assess planning ability. Deficient outcomes may however have different causes: A participant may not have the ability to think a sufficient number of steps into the future, or may become, for example, impatient to evaluate different possible paths. Outcomes are thus not pure measures of the "planning" construct of primary interest, which may have contributed to findings of low reliability and low validity of these outcomes in the literature. The advent of computerized testing combined with computational modeling potentially allows to go beyond traditional outcomes such as "total number of moves" and "total time taken" and disentangle different processes that are of primary interest. The goal of the current study is to establish whether a model that consists of "planning ability" and "response inhibition" parameters can be used to describe Tower of London data.
Participants and Methods:
We constructed an algorithm that produces Tower of London data, and a computational model that uses every single decision of a participant as input (e.g., whether a participant moves the red or the blue ball to the right peg in setting 15 when trying to get to setting 28). There are 210 unique decision situations that participants can encounter. Our algorithm and Bayesian hierarchical model uses two parameters for each participant as well as a guessing rule, that together determine the participant's decision at every step. The appropriateness of the model was evaluated in a simulation study, where the simulated distribution of data implied by this model is compared to the empirical distribution of total number of moves observed in real datasets. Data were simulated for 10 items with a sample size of 200 participants.
Results:
Our simulation study shows that with our model the empirical distribution of total number of moves is successfully replicated in the distribution of the simulated data.
Conclusions:
Computational modeling provides a new window into Tower of London performance by identifying different processes. Modeling thus allows us to go beyond aspecific descriptions of planning ability. Furthermore, using the high-resolution data of computerized testing allows us to estimate these parameters reliably without requiring "big data", keeping participant burden low. This study will be followed up in three ways. First, predictions will be preregistered and tested for these new cognitive outcomes in several large oncological patient samples. Second, the model will be extended to include reaction times, to include an additional metric of cognitive computation. Third, the new cognitive process outcomes will be analyzed in conjunction with cognitive process outcomes on other tests to establish process communalities.