Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting people of all ages. This chapter focusses on what has been learnt about the microRNA system in this important disease. Starting with an overview of epilepsy, it addresses what causes seizures to occur and some of the underlying mechanisms, including gene mutations and brain injuries. It explores how and which microRNAs drive complex gene changes that underpin but also oppose the enduring hyperexcitability of the epileptic brain. This includes by regulating amounts of neurotransmitter receptors, structural components of synapses, metabolic processes and inflammation. It also covers some of the earliest studies linking microRNAs to epilepsy as well as recent large-scale efforts to map every microRNA and its target in the epileptic brain. Finally, it highlights ways to model epilepsies and use of experimental tools such as antisense oligonucleotides to understand the contributions of individual microRNAs. Collectively, these studies reveal how microRNAs contribute to the molecular landscape that underlies this disease and offer the exciting possibility of targeting microRNAs to treat genetic and acquired epilepsies.

Shortly after microRNAs were discovered in humans they were found to be present in blood samples. This led to another branch of microRNA research with the potential to transform medicine, answering the question healthcare professionals ask every day. What’s wrong with my patient? This chapter introduces circulating microRNAs as biomarkers and their emergence as potential diagnostic tools. Core arguments in their favour as indicators of health and disease include tissue specificity, their known locations in the body enabling doctors to zero in on where a problem lies. It looks at what shelters microRNAs as they circulate in the bloodstream and the disruptive thinking that has interpreted such findings as evidence that extracellular microRNAs are conveyors of information between distant tissues in the body. It moves to efforts to probe ever-smaller volumes of biofluids to find the least-invasive source of microRNA biomarkers and the diseases for which microRNA-based diagnostic tests already exist or may emerge in the future. Finally, it looks at developments in RNA detection technology that might allow point-of-care testing and perhaps microRNA-based health monitoring at home.

This chapter focuses on several of the most common actionable EEG abnormalities. This includes defining and describing epileptiform discharges, which are abnormal EEG waves that serve as markers of increased seizure risk. This also includes seizures themselves, and their characteristics and electrographic criteria. Prolonged and repetitive seizures known as status epilepticus are described, including their specific electrographic characteristics and criteria. The treatment resistant form of status epilepticus known as refractory status epilepticus is also described. Finally, the chapter describes a high risk electrographic phenomenon known as brief potentially ictal rhythmic discharges (BIRDs).

This chapter focuses on quantitative EEG processing, also known as EEG trend analysis. These types of algorithms process raw EEG data in a quantitative way, and display the data in more compressed forms that may be easier for the amateur EEG reader to interpret. Specific QEEG algorithms described in this chapter include amplitude integrated EEG, FFT spectrogram, rhythmicity spectrogram, asymmetry indices, and seizure detectors. Specific roles for QEEG covered include seizure detection and detection of focal cerebral ischemia.

This chapter examines a key aspect of the worldwide sanctions response: sanctioning individuals personally, including wealthy oligarchs holding vast, often-hidden wealth. This chapter explores how and why certain individuals were sanctioned, like Putin’s daughters and prominent Russian government and business figures. Lesser-known sanctioned figures are also discussed. It also discusses the difficulties of linking assets to sanctioned individuals once wealth is laundered and converted into certain types of assets. The chapter discusses measures taken by various jurisdictions to improve the effectiveness of sanctions by promoting financial transparency.

This chapter reviews how the recent sanctions have been enforced, both by domestic authorities and through multilateral cooperation. chapter also examines strategies taken by would-be sanctions evaders to conceal their attempts to circumvent the broad sanctions. Enforcement plays a key role in the ability of the sanctioning jurisdictions to effectively implement their sanctions and incentivize change in the behavior of the target or by parties indirectly affected by the sanctions.

• In generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE), a seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes or two seizures occur without an interval return to baseline.

• The most common error in managing status epilepticus is not administering enough benzodiazepine. If the patient is refractory to benzodiazepines, there are multiple appropriate agents for second-line treatment (e.g., levetiracetam, valproate, fosphenytoin). A timely and early intubation may be the safest option and provide the best outcome for the patient.

• Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) presents without muscle involvement, and may be suspected clinically, but needs electroencephalography (EEG) to make the diagnosis.

Overview of neurologic complications such as delirium, depression, elevated intracranial pressure, hemorrhage, leptomenigneal disease, seizure management, and spinal cord issues in cancer patients

Overview of neurologic complications such as delirium, depression, elevated intracranial pressure, hemorrhage, leptomenigneal disease, seizure management, and spinal cord issues in cancer patients

Overview of neurologic complications such as delirium, depression, elevated intracranial pressure, hemorrhage, leptomenigneal disease, seizure management, and spinal cord issues in cancer patients

Overview of neurologic complications such as delirium, depression, elevated intracranial pressure, hemorrhage, leptomenigneal disease, seizure management, and spinal cord issues in cancer patients

Overview of neurologic complications such as delirium, depression, elevated intracranial pressure, hemorrhage, leptomenigneal disease, seizure management, and spinal cord issues in cancer patients

Overview of neurologic complications such as delirium, depression, elevated intracranial pressure, hemorrhage, leptomenigneal disease, seizure management, and spinal cord issues in cancer patients

Overview of neurologic complications such as delirium, depression, elevated intracranial pressure, hemorrhage, leptomenigneal disease, seizure management, and spinal cord issues in cancer patients

Overview of neurologic complications such as delirium, depression, elevated intracranial pressure, hemorrhage, leptomenigneal disease, seizure management, and spinal cord issues in cancer patients

Overview of neurologic complications such as delirium, depression, elevated intracranial pressure, hemorrhage, leptomenigneal disease, seizure management, and spinal cord issues in cancer patients

Overview of neurologic complications such as delirium, depression, elevated intracranial pressure, hemorrhage, leptomenigneal disease, seizure management, and spinal cord issues in cancer patients