The paper gives a survey of the theory of univariate characteristic functions. These functions were originally introduced as tools in the study of limit theorems but it was later realized that they had an independent mathematical interest. Those parts of the theory which can be found in textbooks are treated only briefly; the main emphasis is placed on more recent developments and areas where active research is still in progress.

We consider d-dimensional stochastic processes which take values in (R+)d. These processes generalize Galton-Watson branching processes, but the main assumption of branching processes, independence between particles, is dropped. Instead, we assume for some

Here τ: (R+)d → R+, |x| = Σ1d |x(i)| A = {x ∈ (R+)d: |x| = 1} and T: A → A. Under various assumptions on the maps τ and T it is shown that with probability one there exists a ρ > 1, a fixed point p ∈ A of T and a random variable w such that limn→∞Znρ−n = wp. This result is a generalization of the main limit theorem for super-critical branching processes; note, however, that in the present situation both p and ρ are random as well. The results are applied to a population genetical model for zygotic selection without mutation at one locus.

We consider d-dimensional stochastic processes which take values in (R+)d These processes generalize Galton-Watson branching processes, but the main assumption of branching processes, independence between particles, is dropped. Instead, we assume for some

Here τ:(R+)d→R +, |x| = σ1d |x(i)|, A {x ∈(R+)d: |x| 1} and T: A→A. Under various assumptions on the maps τ and T it is shown that with probability one there exists a ρ > 1, a fixed point p ∈ A of T and a random variable w such that limn→∞Zn|ρnwp. This result is a generalization of the main limit theorem for supercritical branching processes; note, however, that in the present situation both ρ and ρ are random as well. The results are applied to a population genetical model for zygotic selection without mutation at one locus.

It is here shown that for a deterministic simple epidemic in which the spatial distribution of the contacts made by an infectious individual is negative exponential, propagation of the epidemic as a travelling wave is only possible for velocities at or above a certain minimal velocity; and that there exists exactly one waveform for each such velocity. The method employed is to reduce the equation of propagation to a three-dimensional autonomous differential equation, and attack this mainly using topological considerations.

This result is similar to those obtained by Kolmogoroff et al. (1937) for the advance of an advantageous gene, and by Kendall (1965) for the deterministic “general” epidemic, but these were achieved using the considerable simplification of approximating the spatial dependence by a diffusion term in the equation of propagation. Taken together with Mollison (1972), in which it was shown that when the spatial distribution of contacts (V) is more spread than negative exponential (∫eksdV(s) divergent for all k > 0), no finite bound can be set on the velocity of propagation: the present work suggests that the diffusion-term approximations may be reasonable if, as well as only if, V is less spread than negative exponential.

The asymptotic behaviour of those k-type (k ≥ 1) Galton-Watson processes (both with and without immigration) with ρ close to unity is considered. The first principal result (Theorem 3) relates to the vector denoting the numbers of particles of each type at the nth generation in processes without immigration. It is shown that, when normed in a certain way and conditioned on non-extinction, this vector has approximately, for large n, a negative exponential distribution which is degenerate on a line. Theorem 4 is an analogous result for processes with immigration. In this case, no conditioning is required, and the limiting distribution is again degenerate on a line, although now it relates to the gamma rather than the negative exponential.

A fundamental identity, due to Miller (1961a), (1962a, b) and Kemperman (1961), is generalized to semi-Markov processes. Thus the identity applies to processes defined on a Markov chain with discrete state space and random walks with Markov dependent steps (Section 2). Wald's identity is discussed briefly in Section 3. Section 4 is a study of the maxima of partial sums, and Section 5 of maxima in a semi-Markov process.

The purpose of the present paper is to give a general theory of the quantum mechanical representation of particle populations.

The first part of the paper, Sections 1 to 5, is devoted to a review of mathematical principles of quantum theory, with particular emphasis on the role played by probability concepts, using an approach adapted to the subsequent development of the theory of particle populations. This approach, which goes back in its essentials to von Neumann [20], leans heavily on the subsequent work of Wigner, Mackey, Jauch, Segal, Wightman and many others (see e.g., Mackey [15], Jauch [11], Streater and Wightman [26]). Sections 6 to 9 deal with the representation of finite particle populations: i.e., quantum systems where the total number of particles is an observable. In Section 10 a brief sketch is given of the generalization of the theory to infinite populations where the total number of particles is not an observable, as e.g., in the statistical theory of an infinitely extended gas (see Ruelle [22]). Finally, Section 11 treats some simple examples.

A branching process with variable lifetime distribution is defined by a sequence of distribution functions {Gi(t)}, together with a probability generating function, h(s) = Σk∞= 0pksk. An ith generation particle lives a random length of time, determined by Gi(t). At the end of a particle's life it produces children, the number being determined by h(s). These offspring behave like the initial particle except they are (i + 1)th generation particles and have lifetime distribution Gi + 1 (t).

Let Zi(t) be the number of particles alive at time t, the initial particle being born into the ith generation. Integral equations are derived for the moments of Zi(t) and it is shown that for some constants Ni, γ, a, Zi (t)/(Nitγ-1eαt) converges in mean square to a proper random variable.

We give moment approximations to the density function of the wavelength, i. e., the time between “a randomly chosen” local maximum with height u and the following minimum in a stationary Gaussian process with a given covariance function. For certain processes we give similar approximations to the distribution of the amplitude, i. e., the vertical distance between the maximum and the minimum. Numerical examples and diagrams illustrate the results.

The objective of this work is to study the long range evolutionary traits in a population with an infinite number of types; we are especially interested in the asymptotic rate of evolution, variance and type-distribution. In this paper we concentrate on an asexual population with the same probabilistic mutation force acting over all types in the population.

Most results are proved under the assumption that the mutation effect is also unchanged in time; some are extended to more general cases with time-changed distribution of mutation.

In the paper a single server semi-Markov queue is considered. The analysis is based on a fundamental matrix identity due to H. D. Miller. A natural method for the solution of semi-Markov queues is indicated; use is also made of a duality relation, which is discussed in the paper.

Random set theory is closely connected with integral geometry. After a general description, based upon the Choquet theorem, the semi-Markovian property is defined and characterized in terms of integral geometry. Applications are made to Poisson polytopes characterized by conditional invariance properties.

Consider maxima Mn of a sequence of random variables defined on a finite Markov chain. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of normalizing constants Bn such that are given. The problem can be reduced to studying maxima of i.i.d. random variables drawn from a finite product of distributions πi=1mHi(x). The effect of each factor Hi(x) on the behavior of maxima from πi=1mHi is analyzed. Under a mild regularity condition, Bn can be chosen to be the maximum of the m quantiles of order (1 - n-1) of the H's.

This paper discusses two-terminal series-parallel networks occurring in Applied Probability and other contexts where the mathematical theory of reliability is developed. Eighty years ago Mac Mahon successfully discussed the number of different structures built of n identical components [1]; later Knödel [3] and Carlitz and Riordan [4] in the 1950's investigated the number of different structures built of n different components. However, in many new applications, engineers and statisticians have to study structures having n components with a specification defining various types of components and stating how many identical components of each kind should be used. This general problem is investigated in Section 7 whilst in Sections 1–6 results obtained earlier are presented and it is shown there how modern approaches to combinatorics (particularly Pólya's Enumerative Combinatorial Analysis) can simplify some reasoning of previous authors.

Various types of time and event sampling of a stationary and orderly bivariate point process are considered. Fundamental relations between inter-event intervals and the event counting process are derived. Relations between first forward recurrence times and their moments for different types of sampling are obtained.

Using some well-known and some recently proved asymptotic properties of regenerative processes, we present a new proof in a general regenerative setting of the equivalence of the limiting distributions of a stochastic process at an arbitrary point in time and at the time of an event from an associated Poisson process. From the same asymptotic properties, several conservation equations are derived that hold for a wide class of GI/G/1 priority queues. Finally, focussing our attention on the alternating-priority queue with Poisson arrivals, we use both types of result to give a new, simple derivation of the expected steady-state delay in the queue in each class.

Newman (1970) introduced an interesting new class of point processes which he called Gauss-Poisson. They are characterized, in the most general case, by two measures. We determine necessary and sufficient conditions on these measures for the resulting point process to be well defined, and proceed to a systematic study of its properties. These include stationarity, ergodicity, and infinite divisibility. We mention connections with other classes of point processes and some statistical results. Our basic approach is through the probability generating functional of the process.

Low density traffic refers to the study of macroscopic properties of a traffic stream when vehicles travel independently of one another. It is usually assumed that each vehicle travels at a constant velocity, the velocity varying from vehicle to vehicle. We allow very general vehicular motions and study various aspects of the traffic streams. For example, it is shown that if π [a,b] is the expected time for a vehicle to travel from a to b under the stochastic process governing the motion of vehicles, then a non-homogeneous Poisson spatial process with mean measure π is invariant.

Consider a Poisson point process with an intensity parameter forming a Markov chain with continuous time and finite state space. A system of ordinary differential equations is derived for the conditional distribution of the Markov chain given observations of the point process. An estimate of the current intensity, optimal in the least-squares sense, is computed from this distribution. Applications to reliability and replacement theory are given. A special case with two states, corresponding to a process in control and out of control, is discussed at length. Adjustment rules, based on the conditional probability of the out of control state, are studied. Regarded as a function of time, this probability forms a Markov process with the unit interval as state space. For the distribution of this process, integro-differential equations are derived. They are used to compute the average long run cost of adjustment rules.