Examination of material of the genus Campichoeta Macq. (= Thryptocheta Rond.) from both the Old and the New Worlds, follawing clarification of the identities of most of the Palaearctic species by Basden and Collin (1958), revealed significant new information on the taxonomy of the genus. It showed that the common species in North America, heretofore called Thryptocheta micans Hendel (1911), is the same as Campichoeta griseola (Zett.) (1855) known from a single collection apparently made by Boheman in central Sweden about 1852. Also, it showed that an undescribed species occurs in southwestern United States.

It has been shown that Drosophila melanogaster fly to the source of an attractive scent by making a series of highly stereotyped responses to olfactory and visual stimuli (Kellogg, Frizel, and Wright, 1962). The comparable processes by which Aedes aegypti are guided to a warm-blooded host have now been studied and are the subject of this paper.

A cottony scale of the genus Pulvinaria has been present in the peach orchards of the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario for many years. It has usually been referred to Pulainaria amygdali Ckll., but Phillips (1955) showed that it is almost undoubtedly P. vitis (L.). Ross and Caesar (1928) reported that it was generally distributed in the area as early as 1926, but only a few orchards were heavily infested. Subsequently only minor infestations were reported until about 1945. From 1946 to 1954 numerous orchards were heavily infested, but since 1954 the scale has been less important although it is widely distributed and sporadic infestations still occur.

This is one of a series of papers on the development of life tables for the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), by a research team at Winnipeg. Previous papers have described techniques for obtaining population estimates for eggs, cocoons, and adults (Ives, 1955; Ives and Turnock, 1959; Turnock, 1960), and current work is concerned with the development of methods of segregating and evaluating the mortality factors affecting each stage. This paper describes the methods used to evaluate the amount of mortality caused by individual factors in the cocoon stage and discusses the problems of obtaining accurate and unbiased estimates.

This paper offers a taxonomic arrangement of the forms of Coccinella L. that occur in the United States. Canada, and Greenland. Eighteen forms, which are arranged as 12 species, are considered to merit names. The forms of the United States and Canada were reviewed last by Dobzhansky in 1931. The arrangement proposed below differs from his as detailed in the summary that follows the taxonomic treatment. The principal difference is in the subspecies concept that is applied.

Seed growers in Alberta must rely to a great extent on leaf-cutter bees, Megachile Latr., and bumble bees, Bombus Latr., to pollinate alfalfa and red clover. Depending largely on the lengths of their proboscises, certain species of leaf-cutter bees and bumble bees are valuable pollinators of these crops (Hobbs et al., 1961, Hobbs, 1962). The leaf-cutter bees are solitary, non-gregarious species and are, therefore, difficult to manage. Because bumble bees are colonial and are more prolific than leaf-cutter bees, and because suitable species for the pollination of alfalfa and of red clover are found in most regions of Alberta, efforts are presently being made to manage bumble bees.

The complex of species related to Platypalps juvenis Melander is typically northern and montane in distribution, and almost restricted to the Hudsonian and Canadian life zones. They occur from treeline in the Canadian Arctic south to the mountains of New Hampshire on the east, and the mountains of Oregon and Colorado on the west. In this paper, nineteen species are recognized in the complex, of which seven have been described previously.

The larvae of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), feed on several species of hard pines, of which the most economically important are red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait., and Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L. Approximately one hundred million trees of each species mere planted in southern Ontario since 1905, most of them since 1925. Many pure and mixed stands are now infested by R. buoliana which has no apparent preference for either host tree.

This work, designed to provide an estimate of the quantity of food consumed by spiders, was part of a more general study of the ecology of a spider population in a stand of oaks (Quercus robur L.) in Wytham Wood, Berkshire, England (Turnbull, 1960a, 1960b). Linyphia triangularis (Clerck) was selected as a test spider for the following reasons: it is a common, easily recognized, and easily acquired species; its size closely approximates the mode size of spiders in the population under observation; as far as it may be said of any spider, L. triangularis possesses few specialized features or habits; and the species is amenable to laboratory rearing and manipulation.

This is the first of a series of papers dealing with investigations that were commenced in 1956 at Summerland, British Columbia, to determine if the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), could be eradicated in the interior of British Columbia by the release of sexually sterile male moths.

One of the most important prerequisites for the success of this method is the development of a technique that will sterilize the male without seriously affecting its behaviour, particularly mating ability and longevity. Complete or almost complete sterility has been induced in one or both sexes of certain species of insects by feeding them chemicals (LaBrecque et al., 1960), or by exposing them to X- or gamma rays (Bushland and Hopkins, 1953), or by subjecting them to abnormally high temperatures (Riordan, 1957).

Sampling techniques for population and mortality factors of the fruit-tree leaf roller, Archips argyrospilus (Wlk.), on apple in Quebec, were developed at Rougemont from 1958 to 1960 with the object of obtaining reliable statistics for life tables on this species. Biometric techniques have not previously been applied for ecological studies of A. argyrospilus, most workers having been primarily concerned with life history, chemical control, and general observations on natural control factors (Gill, 1913; Caesar, 1916 and 1917; Petch, 1916 and 1942; Herrick, 1917; Muesebeck, 1921; Regan, 1923; Viereck, 1924, Venables, 1924 and 1937; Harman, 1928; Hall, 1930 and 1934; Knull, 1932; Chapman et al., 1941; Greenwood, 1943).

It is not unusual for parasite attack on insect hosts to have different consequences for individuals of the same species. An indication of the variation in types of alternative effects is given by a consideration of three host-parasite relationships. First, although most hosts in a population are susceptible to parasitization, some are immune to attack: about one in 3,000 larvae of the Mediterranean flour moth, Anagasta kühniella (Zeller), was found by Payne (1934) to be immune to attack by Bracon hebetor Say. Second, tile morphology of hosts may be modified differentially by parasitism: unhatched eggs of Aphdius platensis Brethes exert a juvenilizing effect on nymphs of Aphis craccivora Koch whereas parasite larvae sometimes cause the appearance of adult characters (Johnson, 1959). Third, some hosts are successfully parasitized whereas others are killed long before parasite progeny can mature: adult females of Metaphycus helvolus (Com.) kill the black scale, Saissetin oleae (Bern.), by parasitization, by mutilation with the ovipositor, and by host-feeding at wounds made by the ovipositor. Field tests showed that up to 97 per cent of a black-scale infestation may be killed by the parasite over a period of several months.

The adult of Phyllocnistis populiella was described by Chambers in 1875. No detailed descriptions of the immature forms of this species have appeared in publication, although descriptions of other species in the genus have been published. Sich (1902), in his paper on P. suffusella Zell., presents a critical discussion of earlier works on the genus and gives a comprehensive account of the general features of the immature forms, although he omits details on setation and some other features of taxonomic interest. Certain aspects of larval and pupal morphology have been treated by Grandi (1932), Kozlovsky (1955) and Trägårdh (1913), while Hering (1951) and Needham (1928) have discussed structure as related to habit.

Wheats that are resistant to the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., differ in degree of resistance and in certain environments lose all or part of their resistance. The survival and behaviour of the larvae in different locations in the stems of various spring wheats have been examined with the object of determining some of the factors involved in resistance and in the variability of resistance. In the previous paper in this series (Holmes and Peterson, 1961) it was shown that resistance to hatching of the egg of the sawfly depended on the stem solidness of its host.

For many years, the specific name, hyalinus, has been used to designate certain Perilampus adults reared from a variety of insects belonging to the orders Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera. Normally, taxonomists hesitate to classify parasites from such a wide range of hosts under one specific name; but in this case their fears were allayed by the concept that most Perilampus species were strictly hyperparasitic and hence probably preyed upon a narrower range of hosts than indicated by rearing records. The hyperparasitic nature of Perilampus hyalinus Say was established in 1912 by Smith who recovered its immature stages from various primary parasites of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury. Smith gave an account of the behaviour of the first-instar planidial stage and came to the conclusion that the species could not develop as a primary parasite of the fall webwom. A hyperparasitic behaviour was demonstrated also for P. tristis Mayr on various primary parasites of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Bergold and Ripper, 1937). Primary parasitism was shown for P. chrysopa spp. (Clancy, 1946), and for P. italicus F. on the tenthredinid, Athalia colibri Christ. (Martelli, 1932). Nevertheless, the concept of hyperparasitism became generally accepted for most of the genus and discouraged attempts to utilize members of this genus for purposes of biological control of injurious defoliating insects.

Interest in this insect was first aroused by the reports of Felt (1926a, 1926b) and York (1933), who attributed injury to several species of pines in the State of New York to Hylobius pales (Hbst.). Later it became apparent that the injury reported was not caused by H. pales, but by a new species that Huchanan (1934) described as H. radicis. This insect was first reported in Canada at Angus, Ont. (Wallace, 1954), and has since become abundant in pine plantations totalling about 500 acres in Simcoe County. This County supports the principal infestations in Ontario, but other widely separated infestations have been reported near Sault Ste. Marie and from five plantations totalling 50 acres in Renfrew County. H. radicis is now known to be widely distributed. In addition to New York State and Ontario, the insect has been reported from Virginia, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Manitoba.

Since a technique for mass rearing of the cabbage maggot Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), was described (Read, 1960), inquiries from different countries indicate that many workers encounter difficulties in rearing this insect in captivity. This paper discusses these difficulties and describes methods successfully used by the authors for establishing and maintaining cultures in the greenhouse. Using these methods, 22 successive generations of H. brassicae have been reared at Belleville in less than four years.

Studies on the parasites of the Swaine jack pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd., form part of an extensive program designed to assess the factors influencing population dynamics of this important defoliator of jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb. Investigations were carried out in the Province of Quebec between 1955 and 1959 near the headwaters of the Gatineau River, Abitibi County, and continued during 1960 and 1961 near the source of the Vermillion River, County Laviolette. In both areas, one of the principal parasites associated with N. swainei was the tachinid, Spathimeigenia spinigera Townsend. Descriptions of the immature stages of this parasite, and details of its behaviour were published previously (Tripp, 1960).

Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (= T. tiliae Oudms.) is the predominant species of predacious mite on apples in Nova Scotia. It feeds on a wide range of prey species (Herbert, 1959). Chant (1960) investigated the life-history and habits of this species in southeastern England and Herbert (1956) studied its life-history under controlled laboratory conditions. A knowledge of the life-histories of various components of the fauna is basic to an evaluation of predation; therefore, a study of the life-history and habits of T. pyri in the field was undertaken. This was supplemented by a laboratory study in which an attempt was made to duplicate field temperarures. The results of these studies are presented here.

Larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., can be maintained in drinking straws (Kasting and McGinnis, 1958). It is difficult to care for many larvae at one time, however, because the straws are inconvenient to prepare and handle. Also, the larvae are difficult to locate in the straws, and often they are injured during transfer. This report describes a more suitable container in which to rear the larvae.