Childhood adversities have been associated with long-lasting brain morphological differences and poor psychological outcomes over the lifespan. Evidence with regard to protective factors counteracting the detrimental effect of childhood adversity on neurobiology is scarce.

Therefore, we examined the interplay of childhood adversity with multiple protective factors in relation to brain morphology in a child and an adult cohort.

We analyzed data from two epidemiological longitudinal birth cohorts, the Generation R Study (N=3,008) and the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk (MARS) (N=179). Cumulative exposure to 12 adverse events (such as physical and sexual abuse), and the presence of protective factors, including child temperament, cognition, self-esteem, friendship quality and maternal sensitivity were assessed at different time points during childhood. Anatomical scans were acquired at the ages of 9-11 years in Generation R and at 25 years in MARS.

Childhood adversity was related to smaller global brain volumes in Generation R, with similar effect sizes observed for the cerebellar volume in MARS. While small interaction effects between adversity and protective factors were found on the medial orbitofrontal cortex, the cerebellum and the amygdala in either cohort study, no interactions were consistent across cohorts or survived correction for multiple comparisons.

We found no consistent or strong evidence for interaction effects between multiple protective factors and childhood adversities on brain structure in a child and an adult cohort study. Instead, small interaction effects were found in either children or adults warranting further investigation and more fine-grained analyses.

TB:consultancy for Actelion, Hexal Pharma, Lilly, Lundbeck, Medice, Novartis, Shire; conference support by Lilly, Medice, Novartis, Shire; clinical trials by Shire and Viforpharma; royalties by Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, CIP Medien, Oxford University Press

A significant problem for clinical judicial experts when issuing court opinions is the possibility that the assessed person may be simulating, as well as lack of examination tools that would increase the objectivity and reliability of the assessment. This presentation covers studies on psychological characteristics of perpetrators of crimes against sexual freedom.

The participants were asked to complete psychological tools - Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Emotion Understanding Test, Revised NEO Personality Inventory, Attachment Style Questionnaire.

The participants of the study consisted of 225 men serving sentences of imprisonment in a dozen of Polish prisons. Two clinical populations were compared: of perpetrators diagnosed and not diagnosed with sexual preference disorders. The control group consisted of offenders of crimes other than against sexual freedom.

no personality and psychosocial variables were identified that would significantly differentiate offenders diagnosed and not diagnosed with parapaphilic disorder.

The results of this study justify the use of selected tools to complement the clinical diagnosis, allowing for obtaining additional data, independent from case files and interview, that would increase the probability of sexual preference disorders.

The study was approved by the ethical committee at the Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw and the Director General of the Prison Service. Scientific work was financed from the budget for science in the years 2017-2021, as a research project D

Urine Drug Screening (USD) is one of the most used techniques for drug testing. However, one of the main issues related to USD is the high frequency of cross-reactivity with other molecules. Amphetamines, because of their simple structures, are highly subjected to cross-reactivity with other molecules.

Our aim was to investigate and characterize the role of psychopharmacological drugs in the occurrence of false-positive amphetamine drug screening, by performing an international pharmacovigilance study through the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), in which user’s medication errors for drugs are reported in the form of Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs).

All ICSRs recorded between 2010 and 2020 with a positive screening for amphetamine reported as adverse reaction in patients with a psychiatric diagnosis were included in the study. Duplicated records and ICSRs with missing values for age and gender, were excluded from the study.

Among 249 ICSRs involving false-positive amphetamine drug screening, 109 ICSRs reported psychiatric disorders and/or psychiatric drugs. In 83 (76%) cases, drugs were known for cross-react. 66 cases reported drugs known as “suspect”. 24% of cases reported unknown false-positive reactions: acetaminophen (5%), duloxetine (5%) and oxycodone (5%).

The high cross-reactivity of psychotropic drugs with amphetamine testing in USDs may be linked to the neuromodulatory effect of these drugs, suggesting a similar molecular structure. In this perspective, antidepressants and amphetamines share a similar mechanism of action, maybe partially explaining why the most reported cross-reactions are with antidepressant (59%).

No significant relationships.

Nations thorughout the world are imposing mandatory quarantine on those entering the country. While such measures may be effective in reducing the importation of COVID-19, the mental health implications remain unclear.

This study sought to assess mental well-being and factors associated with changes in mental health in individuals subject to mandatory quarantine following travel.

Travellers arriving at a large urban international airport completed online questionnaires on arrival and days 7 and 14 of mandated quarantine. Questionnaire items such as travel history, mental health, attitudes towards COVID-19, and protection behaviours were drawn from the World Health Organization Survey Tool for COVID-19.

There was a clinically significant decline in mental health over the course of quarantine among the 10,965 eligible participants. Poor mental health was reported by 5.1% of participants on arrival and 26% on day 7 of quarantine. Factors associated with greater decline in mental health were younger age, female gender, negative views towards quarantine measures, and engaging in fewer COVID-19 prevention behaviours.

While the widespread use of quarantine may be effective in limiting the spread of COVID-19, the mental health implications are profound and have largely been ignored in public policy decision-making. Psychiatry has a role to play in contributing to the public policy debate to ensure that all aspects of health and well-being are reflected in decisions to isolate people from others.

No significant relationships.

Suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB) are a serious public health problem. Suicide prevention programs have been established over the years but many people who are suicidal do not seek treatment, and when they do they will end up in low-threshold sectors such as the Emergency Department in general hospitals. Previous studies about STB are mostly narrative, rather than a date-driven approach and limited in sample size.

The main goal of this study is to describe the prevalence and evolution of STB (ideation, plan or attempt) of the psychiatric patient referred to the Emergency Department of the University Hospital Gasthuisberg (Leuven, Belgium) over a 12 year period.

During a 12 year period (2003-2015), all patients with a psychiatric referral to the Psychiatric Emergency Room (PER) of the University Hospital Gasthuisberg (Leuven, Belgium) were included (N˜25.000). We use descriptive statistics to summarize the data set, focusing on STB in terms of raw numbers, symptoms at referral, mental disorders and demographic characteristics.

Around 1/9 patients presents with suicide attempt; another 1/5 with suicidal thoughts. STB accounts for 35% of psychiatric primary complaints at the PER. Women were more likely to present with STB. The proportion of STB referrals remains stable over the years.

Despite several reforms in mental health care, the PER remains a major entry point into mental healthcare for large proportions of STB patients.

No significant relationships.

The infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus called COVID-19 may affect not only the respiratory system but also the central nervous system (CNS). Delirium is a frequent and serious condition in COVID-19 patients and may be caused by the direct invasion of the CNS or the induction of CNS inflammatory mediators or by indirect effects due to the systemic inflammatory status, other organ failure, prolonged mechanical ventilation time, immobilization but also social isolation. We aim to critically review literature reporting this syndrome in patients infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus with a particular emphasis on reported clinical, laboratorial and neuroimaging findings. Methods: A state-of-the-art literature review was performed using PubMed, Embase and Web of Knowledge using the following keywords: delirium, COVID-19, SARS-Cov-2, neuroimaging, laboratorial findings. Results: More than 50% of patients with COVID-19 may present with delirium and in about 20% of the cases this is the primary presentation of the disorder. Previous data suggests that these patients may show a higher frequency of certain symptoms such as agitation, myoclonus, abulia, and alogia. Some distinct neuroinflammatory syndromes have been identified in patients presenting with delirium associated with the virus, namely, autoimmune encephalitis, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and stroke showing its potential for CNS involvement. Many of these patients present normal brain imaging, EEG and CSF findings but others have more specific laboratorial changes such as elevated creatinine kinase, elevated D-dimer levels, abnormal coagulation parameters and positive SARS-Cov-2 PCR in CSF or meningeal enhancement, ischemic stroke and perfusion changes in MRI imaging.

No significant relationships.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an enormous impact on both physical and mental health of people around the world.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the number and characteristics of people seeking emergency psychiatric help during combined psychosocial stressful events in March 2020.

Data for 3927 patients seeking emergency psychiatric help were collected and analyzed for the months preceding, during and after lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic and concomitant earthquake that took place on 22nd March 2020 in Zagreb, and compared with the same months of 2019.

A significant decrease in both the number of visits and admissions to the hospital was found for the month of lockdown. There was a significant decrease in the number of out-patients visits and day hospital admissions. Compared with other months, more women and younger patients sought help. There was a significant rise in the number of patients presenting with suicidal thoughts, as well as a larger percentage of involuntary admissions.

Overall less people sought psychiatric help in the face of an unpredictable acute threat, which was interpreted in the light of prioritizing fear of infection over mental health issues. Alternatively, it is possible that people threatened with immediate danger mobilize short- term compensatory psychological resources which help deal with or put off mental illness. This research was conducted as part of the project of the Croatian Science Foundation CORONA-04-2086 Life in the time of COVID-19-social implications on the security and well-being of vulnerable groups in the European context.

No significant relationships.

The COVID19 pandemic came with unprecedented measures that impacted every aspect of the student’s life making them vulnerable to psychological distress.

The aim of this study was to assess anxiety and depressive symptoms in relation to the coping strategies during the COVID19 pandemic among medical students.

We conducted a web-based cross-sectional study among Tunisian medical students. We used an anonymous survey comprising sociodemographic characteristics, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale and the brief COPE.

A total of 216 students participated in the study; 78% were female and most respondents were enrolled in first and second year of medical studies (53%). The frequency of depressive and anxiety symptoms were respectively 28% and 40%; females experienced significantly higher depression and anxiety scores (p<10¯³ and p=0.02 respectively). Most used coping strategies were self-blame, planning, acceptance, distraction, positive reframing, active coping and religion (99%-96%). The least used coping strategies were substance use (13%) and denial (52%). We found that gender was associated with a significant difference in the coping styles where females scored higher on religious coping and denial whereas males used more humor coping. Depression and anxiety were significantly associated with denial coping. Humor, acceptance, positive reframing and active coping were significantly associated with lower depression rates. Humor coping and active coping were associated with lower anxiety rates.

Our study shows alarming rates of depression and anxiety among Tunisian medical students during the COVID19 pandemic. A targeted intervention to promote mental health using the coping styles might be useful in this population.

No significant relationships.

No significant relationships.

The world literature presents ambiguous results regarding the conjugation of negative and depressive syndromes, due to an incomplete understanding of the main symptoms of depression in schizophrenia.

To analyze the variants of the conjugation of depressive and negative symptoms at different stages of schizophrenia.

We used the data of our own observations (238 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and no more than 5 years of experience of the disease) and compared them with the previously published results of studies. As a hypothesis, we analyze the variants of the conjugacy of affect and the negative domain within the framework of a single discrete field of schizophrenia.

The analysis shows that with the apparent heterogeneity of the psychopathological structure, some depressive features, such as apathy, anhedonia and social autism (characteristic of negative symptoms), tend to the abulia factor, whereas low mood, suicidal thoughts, pessimism, show affinity for the cluster of impoverishment of expression, that is, they represent an attenuated type of negative symptoms tending to the affective spectrum.

The conjugacy of depressive and negative disorders in schizophrenia, taking into account their phenomenological similarity, allows us to formulate a hypothesis about their existence within the framework of a single continuum model. The proposed continuum model can be used to understand the processes underlying pathogenesis and formulate the principles of personalized treatment and can be used as a starting point for research on the underlying biological processes and personalized treatment.

No significant relationships.

There is suggestive evidence that Obssesive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by impaired neuropsychological functions that are also influenced by clinical variables. Several studies show that these neuropsychological deficits could be potential endophenotype markers.

The present study aimed to examine neuropsychological patterns in OCD patients and several clinical variables before and after a follow-up of 10 years.

This study examined 44 outpatients with OCD. Cognitive performance and clinical data of these patients were documented before and after a follow-up of 10 years. A neuropsychological battery was administered and scored to them including Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure, the Digit-span test, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. As well, several clinical variables were also assessed including sociodemographic variables, general intelligence measured by Progressive Raven’s matrices, Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Finally, data was analyzed using t-Student and Pearson’s correlation.

In general, the pattern of neuropsychological dysfunction in patients with OCD remains unchanged during the follow-up period, except for some specific variables. Low scores on some verbal memory tasks were associated with severity of OCD, and nonverbal memory was influenced by depressive symptoms in the first evaluation, while, after the follow-up, as obsessive and affective symptoms improve, there’s no significant change in the neuropsychological pattern.

Despite the influence of some clinical and sociodemographic variables on the neuropsychological performance in OCD patients, cognitive dysfunction remains unchanged after a follow-up period of 10 year. These results suggest that cognitive deficits could be considered as a trait marker for the disorder.

No significant relationships.

Psychological distress is a phenomenon that often occurs not only in patients but in normal subjects under excessive psychological pressure. Health care workers are at particular risk of distress in a pandemic. It negatively affects the quality of life, social and physical functioning and can be a trigger of different diseases. The pharmaceutical drugs can be unnecessary active for healthy subjects. Nutraceuticals may be the adequate choice in this situation.

Assessing the effectiveness of the unique antistress combination of the three herbal ingredients (standardized extracts of passionfruit, melissa and catnip) in medical workers with the signs of psychological distress

Twenty-four subjects-medical doctors from 30 to 55 years old (15 women; 9 men) were included into the one-week study. Antistress combination was administered 1 tablet tid. The first part of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI “State anxiety”) andor a free self-report were done twice (before and at the end of the study)

From 24 subjects 19 subjects filled out the STAI, free self-reports were received from 10 subjects (5 people provided information about their condition in two forms). STAI scores showed statistically significant decrease in anxiety at the end of the study. A positive effect the emotional condition and quality of sleep was noted in free self-reports. Adverse effects of nutraceuticals were rare, mild, and transient. No negative impact on quality of working condition was registered.

The pilot study showed the promising effect of antistress combination in medical workers in specific stressful situation.

No significant relationships.

Psychiatric disorders are common in children, and academic attainment is lower in children with psychiatric disorders. There are few data about the occurrence of mental health problems and the academic attainment among children in Chile.

To determine the occurrence of mental health problems and its association with academic attainment in first-year students of elementary schools in Chile

The study was conducted in 39 urban and rural public elementary schools in Chile in 2019. The academic performance was measured using the Woodcock Muñoz IV Battery and the Corsi Bock-Tapping test. Mental health was assessed using the self-report Dominique Interactive and Strengths in children and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) instruments in their parents and teachers. A triangulation of information was conducted between different informants.

Overall 610 children were included in the analysis (mean age 7.10 years (SD=0.58), 51% women, 36% from rural area). A higher score in mathematics and reading was negatively correlated to a higher score in emotional symptoms, hyperactivity and peer relationship difficulties, separately, based on both teacher- and parent-reported SDQ. The correlation coefficient between reading scores with Dominique Interactive and Strengths externalizing symptoms was -0.22 (p<0,05). A higher maternal education level was associated with higher education attainment in their children (p <0,05). There was no association between rurality and children’s mental health symptoms.

The current results can inform local stakeholders in Chile about the importance of mental health at a very early age.

No significant relationships.

Ziprasidone is an atypical antipsychotic that has demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. There is some preliminary evidence for Ziprasidone use in children and adolescents with several open label studies and some randomized control trials, therefore it is advantageous to understand where Ziprasidone lies in the treatment algorithm of children and adolescents.

The aim of our study is to examine the efficacy and tolerability of Ziprasidone in children and adolescents.

We conducted a literature search consisting of open label or randomized control trials (RCT) that report on Ziprasidone use in children on the PubMed database. We found 13 studies (11 open label and 2 RCT) that met our inclusion criteria. Our outcome measures included efficacy measures such as BPRS, YMRS, CGI-S and adverse effects such as weight gain, increase in BMI, QTc prolongation, sedation, dizziness and EPS.

Data from thirteen studies was meta-analyzed (Total n= 560, mean age=13.16 years, male= 70.35% that reported the use of Ziprasidone in children and adolescents. We found that Ziprasidone was efficacious in children and adolescents in measures of BPRS (-13.493, p<0.05), YMRS (-14.225, p<0.05), CGI-S (-1.430, p<0.05). In measures of adverse effects, Ziprasidone was not found to cause any significant weight gain (0.164, p>0.05) or change in BMI (-0.159, p>0.05). QTc prolongation was found to be significant (13.122, p<0.05).

Ziprasidone is an efficacious in children and adolescent population. It does not cause significant weight gain, however QTc prolongation and sedation were found to be the most significant side effects .

No significant relationships.

Serious concerns regarding the indirect physical and mental health impact of the extended school closure measure to control the spread of the pandemic have been raised, however, the extent of the problem remains unquantified in India.

To examine the impact of school closures on recreational screen time, emotional, and behavioral functioning of school-going children during the pandemic.

The survey utilized a Google form that was sent to parents of children (6-14 years) through emails and social media platforms. Parents were asked to report on the child’s duration of recreational screen time and whether the child’s overall behavioral functioning had changed since the school closures. The child’s emotional and behavioral functioning was assessed by the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The study was cleared by the Ethics committee.

A total of 160 parents were recruited for the study. Overall, a little more one-fourth (28.1%) of the children’s behavior was reported to have worsened. The mean recreational screen time was 2.65 hours (SD=1.89). A significantly higher proportion of children whose behavior worsened after school closures, relative to those whose behavior improved or remained same, had scores in the abnormal range of functioning on three of the subscales of SDQ. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that recreational screen time explained 2% of the variance in the total SDQ score (F=4.18. P=.04).

Increase in psychological services supporting healthy behaviors and anticipatory telehealth consultations for high-risk children and families is the need of the hour to foster psychological wellbeing during the pandemic.

No significant relationships.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been reported as a worldwide emergency. Due to the extensiveness of spread and death, it has been declared as a pandemic.

To highlight how COVID-19 pandemic psycho-emotional affects the medical staff of a frontline University Hospital in the “battle” with new coronavirus.

We employed a cross-sectional survey of 71 resident doctors from a frontline Hospital after a one-year pandemic and analyzed the prevalence and associated factors with work-related psychological distress among our study group.

Out of the hospital resident doctors, 71 participated and completed the questionnaire, offering an overall response rate of 100%. The majority of participants were women (86% - 61). The average age was 29 years. Most respondents were unmarried. A total of 67% of participants were non-smokers, 5% stated that they occasionally consumed alcohol, none of them used drugs. As a result of the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data, aspects related to anxiety (21.12% - 15), exhaustion (15.49% - 11), and depression (11.26% - 8) are highlighted. In our study, no people were identified who would reach extreme exhaustion in the work process, due to good resilience and due to a well thought out program of work and rest during the pandemic.

The psychological pressure at work, as well as the one felt after limiting and restricting mobility for shorter or longer periods, had an impact on the psycho-emotional state of health care workers, requiring further psychological reassessments and psychological support.

No significant relationships.

Vagus nerve stimulation produces therapeutic effects for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, heart failure, and others.

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of the non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation on emotional burnout.

6 right-handed male volunteers aged 18-22 years participated in study. We used the combination of pleasant meditative classical music and a slow bi-polar wave (0.1-0.2 Hz) of electrical non-invasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation for 5 minutes. The set of 4 VNS was performed at intervals of 3 days. EEG was registered during the rest state (3 min, closed eyes condition). To measure the severity of emotional burnout in students, we used the 22-item Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI).

VNS significantly improve the depersonalization and reduction of personal achievements (components of the emotional burnout). Changes in the psychoemotional state of the respondents were accompanied by the increase in the theta-Fz/alpha-Pz ratio, that reflects an enhancement of the activation level. A set of non-invasive stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve leads to an increase in the level of activation (the ratio of beta / alpha rhythms). The changes in the power of the alpha rhythm may relate to improving of mental process, creativity, creative thinking. An increase in alpha rhythm may reflect internally oriented attention in creative activities.

The preliminary data suggests that the novel mastoid stimulation device may have a prolonged stimulating effect on the brain processes while attenuating the burnout at the same time.

No significant relationships.

Hypokalemia is often detected on standard biological assessments of patients hospitalized for psychiatric disorders. Many explanations are advanced by clinicians like insufficient food intake or drug effects. But what if there was a relationship between this ionic disorder and psychotic relapses?

To assess the frequency of hypokalemia in patients hospitalized for a psychotic relapse and to study its relationship with certain clinical characteristics.

This is a cross-sectional study conducted over a 3-month period (july-september 2021), including 37 male patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and hospitalized in a psychiatric unit for a psychotic relapse. Patients had blood collection before medication that was sent for a complete blood count and blood chemistry testing.

Blood potassium level ranged from 2.92 to 4.87 mmol/L with an average of 3.74 mmol/l. Half patients ( 54.1% , N=20 ) had hypokalemia. Among them, two had electric signs on their ECG and two had physical symptoms. In patients with hypokalemia, the cause of hospitalization was the agitation in 80% of cases versus 58.8% in patients with normal potassium levels. The correlation was not significant between hypokalemia and the use of a restraint (p=0.160) or the somatic history (p=0.495).

hypokalemia is an ionic disorder that should be detected in patients with schizophrenia. It exposes the patient to the risk of a sudden death, especially with use of antipsychotics that are at a high risk for torsade de pointes.

No significant relationships.

There is a growing consensus on brain networks that it is not immutable but rather a dynamic complex system for adapting environment. The neuroimaging research studying how brain regions work collaboratively with dynamic methods had demonstrated its effectiveness in revealing the neural mechanisms of schizophrenia.

To investigate altered dynamic brain functional topology in first-episode untreated schizophrenia patients (SZs) and establish classification models to find objective brain imaging biomarkers.

Resting-state-functional magnetic resonance data for SZs and matched healthy controls were obtained(Table1).

Power-264-template was used to extract nodes and sliding-window approach was carried out to establish functional connectivity matrices. Functional topology was assessed by eigenvector centrality(EC) and node efficiency and its time-fluctuating was evaluated with coefficient of variation(CV). Group differences of dynamic topology and correlation analysis between Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS) scores and topology indices showing group differences, which also were used in establishing classification models, was examed.

The CV of node efficiency in angular and paracingulate gyrus was larger in SZs. There are 13 nodes assigned into several brain networks displaying altered CV of EC between groups(Figure1.A). Fluctuation of EC of the node in DMN, which was lower in SZs, showed negative correlation with PANSS total scores(Figure1.B). Dynamic functional topology of above nodes was used to train classification models and demonstrated 80% and 71% accuracy for support vector classification(SVC) and random forest(RF), respectively(Figure2).

Dynamic functional topology illustrated a capability in identifying SZs. Aberrated dynamics of DMN relevant to severity of patient’s symptoms could reveal the reason why it contributed to classification.

No significant relationships.

Interpersonal distance regulation is an essential element of social communication. Its impairment in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is widely acknowledged among practitioners, but only a handful of studies reported empirical research. However, these studies did not measure the alterations of vegetative functions related to interpersonal distance.

We introduced a new experimental design to systematically measure interpersonal distance along with heart rate variability (HRV) in adults with ASD and tested the modulatory effect of intentionality, eye contact, moving activity, and attribution.

Twenty-two adults diagnosed with ASD and 21 matched neurotypical controls participated in our study from 2019 October to 2020 February. Our new experimental design combined the modified version of the stop distance paradigm with HRV measurement controlling for eye contact between the experimenter and the participant to measure interpersonal distance in incidental and intentional conditions.

Our results showed greater preferred distance in ASD in the intentional (W=103, p=0.002) but not in the incidental condition. These results were altered with eye contact and the participant’s role (active vs. passive) in the stop distance task (F(1,41)=6.150, p=0.017). Moreover, we found lower baseline HRV (t=-2.060, p=0.023) and reduced HRV reactivity in ASD; however, these vegetative measurements could not predict preferred interpersonal distance.

Our study highlights the importance of interpersonal distance regulation in ASD and the need for comprehensive experimental designs to grasp the complexity and underlying factors of distance regulation in typical and atypical populations.

No significant relationships.