Individuals with autism spectrum condition (ASC) frequently report difficulties in social communications, combined with restricted inflexible behaviors. However, it is unclear whether this rigidity is pervasive across cognitive flexibility (CF) and affective flexibility (AF) in situations which resolve different social conflicts.

To study CF and AF levels and associated brain activity in individuals with ASC.

Individuals with ASC and with typical development (TD) performed a moral dilemma task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. For CF, participants made decisions on (1) whether to enforce result-oriented actions to prioritize social/public benefits; and (2) judged whether these actions are right or wrong. For AF, participants made decisions on (1) whether to permit social norm/rule violations in sympathy-evoking situations; and (2) permit these identical violations in no sympathy-evoking situations. We calculated participants’ CF/AF levels by computing the switching-rate of decisions in CF/AF sessions (switching was defined as: CF, judging the actions as wrong but choosing to enforce the action in the same vignette; AF, judging the violations as not permissible in a no sympathy-evoking circumstance, but permissible in a sympathy-evoking circumstance).

For CF, ASC participants showed a marked decrease in CF switching-rates compared to TD participants (p < 0.05), and in corresponding brain activity for executive functioning. For AF, although the AF switching rate difference was non-significant, we observed unique brain activities in each group (e.g., TD activation of the greater dorsomedial-prefrontal cortex and ASC activation of the cingulate cortex).

Our results suggest ASC inflexibility may be further characterized by both CF and AF.

No significant relationships.

A meta-analysis by Gürsel et al. (2018) found altered functional connectivity in OCD patients within and between default mode (DMN), salience (SN), and frontoparietal networks (FPN), as well as evidence for aberrant fronto-striatal circuitry.

Testing the replicability of meta-analysis rsfMRI findings in OCD patients.

We measured functional connectivity during resting-state fMRI in a sample of OCD patients (n=24) and controls matched for age and sex (n=33). The CONN toolbox implemented in SPM was used to perform seed-to-voxel analysis using 30 seed regions based on the previous meta-analytic findings.

OCD patients showed reduced functional connectivity between SN and DMN compared to controls, replicating previous findings. We did not observe significant group differences of functional connectivity within the DMN, SN, or FPN. The strongest finding consisted of altered connectivity between DMN and SN to the visual network. OCD patients showed reduced functional connectivity between the left lateral parietal seed (LPl) and the inferior lateral occipital pole left (iLOCl) compared to controls. Furthermore, the LPl was found to be hyperconnected with the right superior lateral occipital cortex (sLOCr) and the right precuneus. This finding was positively correlated to OCD symptom severity, especially compulsions.

Our findings replicated partly the meta-analysis findings, specifically reduced connectivity between SN and DMN. Using seeds based on the meta-analysis, we identified aberrations between the SN and, in particular, the DMN to the visual network. This raises the question about the visual system’s involvement in OCD symptoms and the abnormal connectivity of a unimodal region to the multimodal DMN.

No significant relationships.

Altered reward-based learning and stress play an important role in psychiatric illnesses, such as psychosis or addiction. Stress sometimes increases learning from rewards, other times it does not show an effect (Starcke & Brand, 2016). A task addressing reward-based learning is the reversal learning task, which uses probabilistic rewards as feedback and incorporates sudden changes in reward contingencies. The effects of acute stress on reversal learning have rarely been addressed.

Here, we investigated the effect of acute social stress in a within-subject design in healthy participants.

A sample of n = 28 male non-clinical participants performed the task in a control condition versus the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), a validated method to induce psychosocial stress. In our version of the reversal learning task (Reiter, 2016), participants choose between two anti-correlated stimuli in order to obtain rewards in three blocks. Reward contingencies remain stable for the first 55 trials and the last 35 trials. During the second block, in between the stable blocks, four changes of reward contingencies require participants to flexibly adapt their behavior. Performance was measured in correct responses, switches after losses and wins.

Cortisol and subjective stress responses showed that the stress induction was successful. Preliminary analyses showed no significant effect of stress induction on any of the performance measures.

These results demonstrate that reversal learning, at least regarding overall performance measures in our task, is robust to stress-related changes. Modeling and fMRI analyses could yield further insights into more subtle changes after stress induction.

No significant relationships.

Research on face tuning is of particular relevance during the Covid-19 pandemic leading to social isolation and anxiety, but also requiring social integrity. Face sensitivity represents an essential component of social competence. This ability is aberrant in most neuropsychiatric conditions. Studies in typically developing individuals enable to develop new tools for examination and better understanding non-verbal social cognition in neuropsychiatry.

Here we used a novel set of Face-n-Thing images to address the following issues: (i) whether the ability to seeing faces in non-face images (face pareidolia) is affected by gender; and (ii) whether it is altered with changing display orientation. The main advantage of Face-n-Thing images is that face tuning occurs without being explicitly fostered by familiar elements.

A newly developed Face-n-Thing task, on which images were shown either with canonical upright orientation or inverted 180º in the image plane, was administered to healthy females and males. On each trial, they have to indicate whether they have a face impression.

Face impression was substantially impeded by display inversion in both males and females. With upright display orientation, no gender differences were found, whereas with inversion, Face-n-Thing images elicited face impression in females significantly more often.

The findings open a way for examination of face sensitivity and underwriting brain networks in neuropsychiatric conditions, most of which are gender-specific. Display inversion represents a proper control for face tuning in neuroimaging studies. Gender differences should be taken into account when conceiving studies in neuropsychiatric populations.

No significant relationships.

Covering our faces with masks, due to COVID-19 pandemic safety regulations, we can no longer fully rely on the social signals we are used to. We have to read what’s between the lines. This is already difficult for healthy individuals, but may be particularly challenging for individuals with neuropsychiatric conditions.

Our main goal was to examine (i) whether capabilities in body and face language reading are connected to each other in healthy females and males; and (ii) whether capabilities to body/face language reading are related to other social abilities.

Healthy females and males accomplished a task with point-light body motion portraying angry and neutral locomotion along with a task with point-light faces expressing happiness and angriness. They had to infer emotional content of displays. As a control condition, perceivers were administered with the RMET-M (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, Modified) with static images.

Females excelled on inferring emotions from body locomotion. Moreover, only in females, inferring emotions from body and face were firmly linked, whereas in males, face reading was connected to performance on the RMET-M.

The outcome points to gender-specific modes in social cognition: females rely upon merely dynamic cues in facial and bodily displays, whereas males most likely trust configural information. The findings are of value for investigation of face/body language reading in neuropsychiatric conditions, most of which are gender specific.

No significant relationships.

Theory of Mind (ToM) enables one to reflect upon the thoughts and emotions of others and oneself. Brain damage can lead to impaired social cognition resulting from ToM deficits. Studies examining ToM in patients with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) have yielded conflicting findings.

To assess the nature and extent of Theory of Mind (ToM) impairments post-TBI.

Electronic databases searches included PubMed/MEDLINE, PubMed Central, Scopus, PsychArticles, PsychINFO, Web of Science, ProQuest Central, and Wiley Online Library databases. Only studies conducted on adult patients with TBI compared with healthy controls published in English in peer-reviewed journals were considered. Reference lists were manually checked for additional studies. 19 studies were identified.

Marked moderate-to-severe ToM deficits in adults post-TBI were observed across all severities of injury and chronicity. ToM deficits were documented across tasks and reflected a hierarchy where performance worsened significantly as tasks progressed in complexity. Despite supportive factors, certain aspects of ToM impairment, such as ability to detect and interpret non-literal speech and judge appropriateness of context remained affected in the subjects.

ToM deficits represent a robust finding in adults with TBI. The chronicity of TBI requires a long-term view and is complicated by the fact that ToM deficits are invisible and difficult to understand. Perceptive-taking deficits faced by TBI sufferers has bio-socio-economic implications. This review also discusses implications for basic and clinical neuropsychology and rehabilitation efforts. Further research is needed, particularly in the form of large, longitudinal studies that mimic day-to-day interactions, to inform/support rehabilitation programs.

No significant relationships.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by harmful levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity and occurs in 2.5% of adults.

This project will evaluate young adults with ADHD in computerized tasks that assess different forms of attention and inhibition, correlating them with self-report scales and physiological measurements (EMG and fNIRS) to identify impairments in specific cognitive domains.

The study will be conducted with two groups: one with ADHD - GClin and one control - CG, with 50 participants between 18 and 28 years each. Initially, participants will perform CPT-3 and respond to ASRS to be allocated to the CG or GClin, with validation by a specialist physician. After that, they will do the computerized inhibition (Stroop / Stop) temporal and spatial attention (voluntary and automatic) tests. In this phase the data will be collected using electromyographic measurements and recording of brain activity in areas of the prefrontal and temporal cortices through fNIRS. After the tests they will complete the impulsivity scales (BIS-11 and UPPS). The analyzes will comprise: (1) ANOVA of the means of TRs and the accuracy of the computerized tests; (2) Correlation analysis of RT, accuracy and ASRS scores; and (3) The fNIRS analysis will use the oxyhemoglobin signal, which will be analyzed individually.

As expected results there will be differences between CG or GClin in relation to impulsiveness, number of errors and brain activation.

The integration of physiological measurements, scales and tests will ensure integrated understanding of attentional and inhibitory processes impaired in ADHD.

No significant relationships.

Climate and weather have a great influence on the prevalence of depressive disorders. Selected physical parameters for instance light, temperature and pressure can be used to treat mood disorders.

The present mini-review aims at approximating the mechanisms by which selected, strictly controlled physical parameters in particular light, temperature, and oxygen pressure can help in the treatment of depression and determine their potential effectiveness.

Relevant literature was identified by searching the PubMed/Medline database, by combining the search strategy of free text terms and exploding a range of MESH headings relating to the topics.

Mechanisms that can modify the course of depression were briefly presented. Review of the literature showed the well-established position of bright light therapy (BLT) effective in treating seasonal (SAD) and non-seasonal affective disorders (non-SAD); safety and rapid-action of whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) and whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) were also demonstrated; the least data was available on hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), which had antidepressant properties only in people with concomitant neurological damages.

In addition to the well-established position of BLT in the treatment of depression, further research is needed on other methods, such as WBH, WBC, HBOT.

No significant relationships.

The gut microbiota constitute the largest and most diverse community in the body which is primarily responsible for the maintenance of the intestinal wall integrity and the protection against pathogens. Besides having an important role in the regulation of host energy metabolism, the gut microbiota can also influence neurodevelopment, modulate behavioral and might contribute to the development of psychiatry disorders.

The authors elaborated a narrative literature review to understand how gut microbiota can influence depression.

Using PubMed as the database, a research was conducted about how Gut Microbiota relates with Depression.

The microbiota-gut-brain axis encompasses the strong bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the CNS. Multiple mechanisms may be involved in this bilateral communication, including immune, endocrine and neural pathways. Permutations in the gut microbiome composition trigger microbial lipopolysaccharides production that activates inflammatory responses. Cytokines send signals to the vagus nerve, which links the process to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that consequently causes behavioral effects. Beyond this, gut microbiota have the capacity to produce many neurotransmitters and neuromodulators such as serotonin and can induce the secretion of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor, an important plasticity-related protein that promotes neuronal growth, development and survival.

Neuroinflammatory processes like those that occur in depression are deeply modulated by peripheral inflammatory stimuli, especially those from the intestinal microbiota. However, the knowledge is currently limited and the information available is not enough to understand the exact mechanisms. Therefore, more studies are required to show how gut microbiota influences the human brain.

No significant relationships.

Skin-Picking Disorder (SPD) is psychiatric condition characterized by recurrent and excessive picking of the skin. There are several attempts to stop the behavior and it causes negative consequences such as dermatological complications and functional impairment.

The aim of this study is to describe a case report of SPD.

Data was collected retrospectively from case notes.

A 30 year-old male, married with 2 children, currently on sick leave, was admitted to the Day Hospital at Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa (CHPL) with worsen skin-picking behaviour and functional impairment. During childhood the patient would “cut my toe nails the wrong way so that I could fix them”. By adolescence the patient suffered from acne and felt the need to “solve” them and take out the pus. Over the years the skin-picking behaviour spread to other areas of the body, mainly dorsal and chest areas. Before being admitted to the Day Hospital the episodes were daily and had 2-3 hours duration, using scissors and tweezers and evolving his family, asking his wife’s help with picking. He is being treated with fluoxetine 80 mg, risperidone 2 mg and N-acetylcysteine 1200 mg and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. He is also participating in the Day Hospital activities that include occupational therapy, movement therapy, psychoeducation. After 2 months he has a few 20 minutes episodes per week, spends more time with his children and thinks about coming back to work.

SPD is a severe and debilitating illness that benefits from a multidisciplinary approach.

No significant relationships.

Obsessional slowness (OS) is a rare condition of disabling slow motor performance, first described in 1974, by Rachman, who documented 10 cases of “primary obsessional slowness”. Rachman argued that, although his patients with OS had Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), their motor symptoms were not related to the presence of motor-slowness-triggering obsessions/compulsions (e.g. checking and mental rituals). Whether OS truly is a distinct and “primary” entity is still a controversial issue, however.

To present and discuss the phenomenology of OS.

Case reports of OS published in the literature, including Rachman’s descriptions.

The literature on OS is extremely limited, with no published, large-scale descriptive studies or randomized controlled trials. Some authors doubt that OS is a “primary” condition, pointing out the clear overlap between OS and catatonia and emphasizing that the latter disorder also occurs in non-schizophrenic patients, for example, ones with OCD. Additionally, OCD and depression often co-occur. Thus, in severe cases, it may be challenging to disentangle the separate contribution of both disorders to psychomotor slowness. It is also crucial to exclude the possibility that a patience has juvenile parkinsonism or other causes of motor slowness before diagnosing him/her with OS, given that the diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies for OS and the aforementioned disorders differ.

OS seems to be a rare but often disabling motor manifestation of OCD, rather than a primary disease entity. However, some cases sit on the edge of current diagnostic criteria. Future research should help define OS more precisely.

No significant relationships.

It has long been theorized that Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Compulsive Buying Disorder (CBD) may share important characteristics, increasing the likelihood of the cooccurrence of these two psychiatric disorders. On the other hand, Hoarding Disorder (HD) were originally conceptualized to exist only within the context of OCD, despite hoarding symptoms presenting in less than 5% of OCD cases.

This study aims to provide an overview of impulsive-compulsive spectrum, regarding the similarities and differential diagnosis between compulsive buying and hoarding.

The authors performed a non-systematic literature review, using PubMed search terms “compulsive buying”, “hoarding” and “obsessive-compulsive spectrum”.

Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders are a group of similar psychiatric disorders characterized by repetitive thoughts, distressing emotions and compulsive behaviors. Compulsive buying is defined by a preoccupation with buying and shopping, by frequent buying episodes or overpowering urges to buy that are experienced as irresistible and senseless. These episodes are accompanied by relief and pleasure, but followed by remorse and guilt. A sub‐group compulsively hoard the items they have bought. Hoarding disorder is characterized by persistent difficulty discarding items regardless of value, urges to save items and distress associated with discarding, and the accumulation of possessions which compromise use of the home.

Empirical evidence suggests that both OCD and CBD display high levels of impulsivity and compulsivity. However, given the phenomenology, CB may not fit well in OCD related disorders. It may be also misleading to classify HD as part of OCD, since hoarding has the lowest specificity and predictive criteria for OCD.

No significant relationships.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and/or behaviors (compulsions). Since the COVID-19 pandemic started, a lot of people developed fears of contamination or being infected.

To describe a clinical case and discuss the diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in context of COVID-19 pandemic.

The data was achieved through patient’s and his family. For the literature review we searched the terms: “OCD” and “COVID-19 Pandemic”.

45 years-old, male, single. He has a generalised anxiety disorder since 2010. At July 2020, the patient asked for help due to worsening of symptoms. Before the appointment, he was waiting outside because he didn’t feel comfortable in the waiting room. When he touch anything unintentionally, he wash his hands immediately. Since the COVID-19 pandemic began, he stopped working because he was too afraid of being infected. He started to think a lot about SARS-COV2 contamination, avoiding all public places, depending on his mother and friends to do basic daily tasks. His thoughts led to cleaning and hand-washing rituals, spending a lot of time. Those symptoms are egodystonic, have a huge impact on global functioning and are not explained by normative fear or protection measures. During 10 years of psychiatric follow-up he never showed obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

This case is an example of OCD onset during the COVID-19 pandemic in a patient with an anxiety disorder (without previous obsessive-compulsive symptoms). He has improved after paroxetine 60mg and risperidone 1mg daily, as well as cognitive behaviour therapy weekly.

No significant relationships.

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling condition that affects the quality of life of both the patient and the caregivers. Similarly, in patients with physical medical illness, caregivers face a significant amount of stress.

This study aimed to assess and compare the caregiver strain index between patients of OCD and medical illness. Moreover, this study will also compare the care giver strain index in the patients of OCD and physical medical illness depending on the severity and duration of the illness.

Study was done at Department of psychiatry, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad. In this Cross-sectional study 2 groups of caregivers were included. The group 1 included 30 caregivers of obsessive compulsive disorder patients and group 2 included 30 caregivers for physical medical illness. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale was used for measuring the severity of OCD and the stress in caregivers were drawn from Caregiver strain index.

This study reported a high objective burden among caregivers of OCD compared with the physical medical illness (P-value=0.002). The age of the caregivers also showed to be significantly associated with the stress in both the groups. The severity of the OCD was shown to be correlated well with the stress of the caregivers (P-value=0.032). In contrast, in physical medical illness the duration of the disease showed no significant association with the caregiver’s stress.

This study showed that in patients with OCD caregivers face a higher strain compared with the physical medical illness.

No significant relationships.

A qualitative study about older adults’ sexual well-being and person-centered psychotherapy

The objective of this study was to evaluate the main concerns related to sexual well-being revealed by older adults in person-centered therapy, using qualitative research.

Interviews with 58 older participants, aged 65 to 82 years, living in the community were submitted to content analysis.

Eight main themes emerged from the results of the content analysis: Partner unavailability, family issues, physical changes due to aging, worries about hygiene, sexual dysfunctions, fear of physical abuse, communication issues and concerns about sexual transmitted diseases.

This study was relevant towards identifying the challenges older adults feel regarding their sexual well-being, as shared in therapy. Older adults referred their greatest challenges to be partner unavailability, family issues and physical changes due to aging.

No significant relationships.

A cross-cultural qualitative study about older portuguese and mexican adults and sexual well-being.

Sexual well-being (SWB) refers to the subjective emotional and cognitive evaluation of the quality of the individual's sexuality, it plays a relevant role in quality of life and health promotion on old age and has cross-cultural implications. The aim of this study is to analyse comparatively the perspectives of older adults on their SWB in Portugal and Mexico.

Data were collected from 86 Portuguese and 80 Mexican community-dwelling participants aged 65 years and older, using a semi-structured interview protocol. Older adults were inquired about their perceptions on what contributes to their sexual well-being. Socio-demographic data were also enquired. Content analysis was used to identify key themes.

Outcomes indicated eight themes: eroticism, supportive relationship, positive self-concept, health and self-care, romance, active life, tenderness and care, and no pain and no pregnancy restrictions, for both samples. Eroticism was the most frequent theme reported by Portuguese participants (31.4%) and health and self-care were the most frequent theme reported by Mexican participants (26.5%).

The empirical results of this study indicated that SWB is strongly influenced by socio-cultural and psychosocial values. This cross-cultural comparison between Portugal and Mexico contributes to understand this concept in old age with different perspectives and place a scenario for future culture-adapted interventions and comprehensive policies.

No significant relationships.

This study focuses on ambivalence among intergenerational relationships in old age.

This study aims to analyze the perspectives of intergenerational relationships between older adults and adult children. For this purpose, a qualitative research was carried out, which analyzes these relations at a cross-national level.

Four hundred and twenty four older participants aged 65-97 years, were interviewed. Participants were of three different nationalities and lived in the community. All the interviews went through the process of verbatim transcription and subsequent content analysis.

Two dimensions of generational ambivalence were revealed from the study; support and the conflict dimensions. Findings of content analysis produced six themes, which represent intergenerational relations between older adults and adult children: older adults-adult children interaction quality; family integration; care and support; definition of limits; distance and alienation; and communication difficulties.

This study highlighted the diversity of experiences in old age, in relation to intergenerational relationships and underlined the conflicting expectations from older adults in relation to their adult children.

No significant relationships.

Dementia’s prevalence increases due to population aging, it has become a major public health concern.

To estimate the incidence of dementia and to describe the socio-demographic and clinical profile of patients attended in the psychiatry department of Gabes (Southern of Tunisia).

It was a retrospective descriptive study including all the patients who attended for the first time in the psychiatry department of Gabes, from the 1st January, 2010 to December 31, 2018, and who were diagnosed with dementia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Socio-demographic and clinical data were assessed. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used as a neuropsychological examination.

We included 98 patients. The mean annual hospital incidence of dementia was 2.38%. The mean age was 76.5 ± 9.8 years. Patients were married (68%), illiterate (68%) and jobless (42.9%). A family history of dementia was noted in 39.8% of patients. The common cardiovascular comorbidity was high blood pressure (41.8%). Among our patients, 30 (30.6%) were smokers. The mean age of onset of dementia was 73 ± 11 years. The mean duration of untreated dementia was 3 years [3 months to 11 years]. First symptoms were mainly memory disorders (57.3 %) and behavioral disorders (17.3%) The mean MMSE score was 14 ± 4.8. Alzheimer’s disease was the most frequent etiology of dementia (80 cases, 82.7%).

Our study shows a high incidence of dementia and made it possible to draw up a socio-demographic and clinical profile of dementia patients.

No significant relationships.

Ganser syndrome is a rare medical disorder situated between hysterical etiopathogenesis and psychosis, factitious disorders and organic lesions which results in a difficult diagnosis. It is listed in DSM VI as a dissociative disorder whose main symptom is approximate answers, other accompanying symptoms appearing in Ganser: clouding of consciousness, somatic conversion symptoms and hallucinations. Psychopathologically explains a mental state of escape from a situation difficult to being tolerated. Organically appears in pathologies involving the frontal lobes

We present a case of a XX year old man who suddenly develops a depressive disorder with no apparent cause. Initially he was a professionally developed man. Famous archaeologist. University professor. Guitarist in a musical group. He deteriorated through the years, appearing dementia data with auditive hallucinations and resistant headache. He begins to have difficulty speaking correctly, with paraphasias and short answers, continually repeating “I don´t know”, Short-term amnesia and bed-chair life

It was impossible to perform both the Mini-Mental State Examination test and the fototest because the patient refused claiming to be very nervous. The CT and MRI showed a slight temporary atrophy and vascular age changes. Subsequently, PET was performed without notable findings. Antidepressant and anxiolytic treatment was introduced without success as well as treatment for dementia and antipsychotic treatment.

The headache was improved. The rest of the symptoms did not disappear

Ganser syndrome is a psychiatric condition that is difficult to diagnose and treat.

No significant relationships.

The most common cause of vascular psychosis is cerebrovascular disease. Tipically a late-onset in the elderly is accompanied with multiple strokes (disruption of blood flow to the brain). Dementia is a clinical syndrome characterised by cognitive, neuropsychiatric, and functional symptoms. About neuropsychiatric symptoms there are multiple warnings concerning the use of antipsychotics in people with dementia due to an increased risk of death and stroke.

Presentation of a case of vascular psychosis with a literature review of antipsychotic drugs used in these cases.

We carried out a literature review in Pubmed electing those articles focused on antipsychotic treatment options.

A 81-year-old man was taken by his son seeking medical assistance due delusions of reference and auditory hallucinations. He believed that his family wanted to kill him. He had the sensation about how multiple voices were telling him about to scape from people who wanted to kill him. After a completelly study and CT, chronic microvascular infarctions where found. After onset of non effective treatment with haloperidol 1.5 mg during 1 week, we switched into risperidone 1.5mg. Effective treatment was found and now patient is under control of sypmtoms.

Different antypsichotic treatments are described in the literature. Risperidone, quetiapine and olanzapine were found as most used antipsychotic for psychosis in vascular dementia. Comparision of side effect profile of antipsychotic and effectiviness must be the target for an adecuate treatment.

No significant relationships.