Walker [11] describes a new class of translation planes W(q) of order q2, q ≡ 5(mod 6), with kernel GF(q). A plane in this class has several interesting properties, but we shall be only interested in the following ones possessed by its collineation group G: (i) G is transitive on the affine points of W(q), and (ii) G fixes a point the line at infinity of W(q), and is transitive on the other points of l∞ The smallest member of this class, W(5), also satisfies: (iii) for an affine point the subgroup G is transitive on the affine points ≠ of the line Note also that since W(5) is a translation plane, replacing G with G in (ii) we get a fourth property, call it (iv), satisfied by G. (See Lemma 2.)

A classical result in potential theory is the Schwarz reflection principle for solutions of Laplace's equation which vanish on a portion of a spherical boundary. The question naturally arises whether or not such a property is also true for solutions of the Helmholtz equation. This has been answered in the affirmative by Diaz and Ludford ([4]; see also [10]) in the limiting case of the plane. It is the purpose of this paper to show that a reflection principle is also valid for spheres of finite radius. As an application of this result we shall study the problem of the analytic continuation of solutions to the Helmholtz equation defined in the exterior of a bounded domain in three-dimensional Euclidean space ℝ3 We shall show that through the use of the reflection principle derived in this paper, this problem can be reduced to the problem of the analytic continuation of an analytic function of two complex variables, which in turn can be performed through a variety of known methods (cf. [7]).

Let S be a semigroup, and let ℓ1(S) denote the l1-semigroup algebra of S. Beginning with the fundamental paper of E. Hewitt and H. Zuckerman [5], there has been a considerable amount of research done concerning the Banach algebra ℓ1(S) in the case when S is abelian; see the bibliography [7]. However, until recently, there was very little information known concerning ℓ1(S) when S was nonabelian and infinite. Now for certain classes of infinite nonabelian semigroups with involution, recent progress has been made in the study of the Banach *-algebra ℓ1(S) and the *-representations of l1(S). In [2], B. Barnes and J. Duncan prove that ℓ1(S) is Jacobson semisimple, study the spectrum of elements in ℓ1(S), and construct and study *-representations of ℓ1(S) when S is the free semigroup with a finite or countably infinite set of generators (and also in some cases where the generators satisfy certain relations). In [1], the present author considered the representation theory of ℓ1(S) where S is an inverse semigroup. This paper is a sequel to [1].

The Eckman–Hilton duality [4] reverses arrows in diagrams, turns products to co-products, and multiplications to co-multiplications, etc. In accordance with this process, Kan [5] obtained the dual of a monoid structure in the category of groups. In this way, we obtain co-monoid structures on topological groups. The main result of this paper is that for kaω groups (see §2), we obtain a one-to-one correspondence between the co-monoid structures, and the free topological bases of the group (§3), thus obtaining topological analogues of the main results of [5].

In this brief note, we evaluate certain quartic and octic Gauss sums with the use of theorems on fourth and eighth power difference sets. We recall that a subset H of a finite (additive) abelian group G is said to be a difference set of G [5, p. 64] if for some fixed natural number λ, every nonzero element of G can be written as a difference of two elements of H fin exactly λ ways.

Let (R, M) be a local ring and let R* be the M-adic ring completion of R. It is well known that R is a regular local ring if and only if R* is a regular local ring. The purpose of the note is to show that this result is essentially a consequence of a more general theory concerning local Noether lattices which was developed in [6].

The purpose of this paper is to consider the general nonlinear nth order differential-difference equation

and derive an inequality of Lyapunov type. Later we use this inequality to find conditions to ensure that the oscillatory solutions of equation (1) tend to zero as t → ∞. The conditions that ensure that the oscillatory solutions of equation (1) tend to zero, also cause all solutions of equation

to be non-oscillatory.

Much work has been carried out on the classification of finite simple groups in terms of the structures of centralisers of involutions. However, it is sometimes the case that these classification results cannot be applied to particular problems even although information is available about one conjugacy class of involutions. The trouble is that information about the other classes can be almost non-existent. In this paper we deal with a situation where character theory can be employed to give a strong connection between the orders of centralisers of different classes of involutions, enabling information about one class to be used to give information about other classes. We prove the following result.

In this note we formally solve the following dual integral equations:

where h is a constant and the Fourier cosine transform of u–1 φ(u) is assumed to exist. These dual equations arise in a crack problem in elasticity theory.

Let A be an n × n complex normal matrix and let (A) = {diag UAU*: U is unitary) where U* is the conjugate transpose of U. It is known that (A) may not be convex [1, 3] and it is convex when A is Hermitian [1, 2]. In this note we show that (A) is convex if and only if the eigenvalues of A are collinear (i.e. there exist complex numbers α ( ≠ 0) and β such that αA + βi is Hermitian).

It is well known that the lattice Λ(S) of congruences on a regular semigroup S contains certain fundamental congruences. For example there is always a minimum band congruence β, which Spitznagel has used in his study of the lattice of congruences on a band of groups [16]. Of key importance to his investigation is the fact that β separates congruences on a band of groups in the sense that two congruences are the same if they have the same meet and join with β. This result enabled him to characterize θ-modular bands of groups as precisely those bands of groups for which ρ⃗(ρ∨β, ρ∧β)is an embedding of Λ(S) into a product of sublattices.

Let R be an associative ring with identity, X a set of noncommuting variables, = {αx} x ∈ X a set of automorphisms αx of R and R {X} the -twisted free associative algebra on X over R. Let Y be another set of noncommuting variables, ℬ = {βy}y∈Y a set of automorphisms βy of R {X} and S = (R{X})ℬ {Y} the ℬ-twisted free associative algebra on Y over R{X}. Next, let X1 be a set of noncommuting variables, for each l = 1,2,…. We form the free associative algebra S1 = S{X1}on Xl over S and inductively, we form the free associative algebra Sl+1 = Sl{Xl+1} on Xl+1 over Sl, l = 1,2,….

Let X be a Banach space and L(X) the Banach algebra of bounded linear operators on X. An operator T in L(X) is hermitian if ∥eitT∥ = 1 (t ∈ R), and is normal if T = R + iJ where R and J are commuting normal operators; R and J are then determined uniquely by T, and we may write T* = R–iJ. These definitions extend those for operators on Hilbert spaces. More details may be found in [1].

All topological spaces here are assumed to be T2. The collection F(Y)of all homeomorphisms whose domains and ranges are closed subsets of a topological space Y is an inverse semigroup under the operation of composition. We are interested in the general problem of getting some information about the subsemigroups of F(Y) whenever Y is a compact metric space. Here, we specifically look at the problem of determining those spaces X with the property that F(X) is isomorphic to a subsemigroup of F(Y). The main result states that if X is any first countable space with an uncountable number of points, then the semigroup F(X) can be embedded into the semigroup F(Y) if and only if either X is compact and Y contains a copy of X, or X is noncompact and locally compact and Y contains a copy of the one-point compactification of X.