Sovereign immunity — Foreign States and agencies — Employee in commercial bureau of foreign State — Contract of employment — Action for damages — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — The law of Italy

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States and agencies — Information office of foreign State — Employee — Contract of employment — Termination of — Action for unlawful dismissal — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — The law of Italy

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States — Contract for sale of goods — Assumption of responsibility for performance of contract by foreign State following nationalization measures — Whether entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Acts iure gestionis and iure imperii — Relevance of State monopoly of economic activity — Whether State legislative activity a sovereign activity — Whether nationalization without compensation can be recognised in municipal courts — Whether damage caused to private interests by such activity creates directly enforceable rights for individuals under international law — The law of Italy

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States and their entitles — Lycée dependent upon ministry of foreign State — Member of teaching staff — Contract of employment — Termination of — Action for reinstatement — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — The law of Italy

Sovereign immunity — Foreign sovereign entities — Association of Italian Knights of the Order of Malta — Whether a subject of international law — Employee — Contract of employment — Action for unpaid salary — Whether Association entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Acts iure impetii and iure gestionis — The law of Italy

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States and agencies — Commercial agency attached to embassy of foreign State — Employee — Contract of employment — Termination of — Action for damages — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — The law of Italy

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States — foreign armed forces stationed in Italy under NATO Treaty — National of receiving State employed as fireman — Contract of employment — Termination of — Claim for back pay — Whether foreign. State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Whether general principles of international law applicable — Prevalence of treaty rules — NATO Status of Forces Agreement, 1951 — Division of civilian personnel into “civilian component” and local workers — Whether local workers employed under private law relationship — The law of Italy

Sovereign immunity — Foreign sovereign entities — Association of Italian Knights of the Order of Malta — Whether entitled to immunity from taxation — Whether entitlement analagous to entitlement to jurisdictional immunity — Whether distinction between acts iure gestionis decisive — The law of Italy

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States and agencies — Cultural institute of foreign State — Employee — Contract of employment — Termination of — Claim for allowances — Whether institute entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Whether institute legally independent of foreign State — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — The law of Italy

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States — Embassy employee — Citizen of receiving State — Contract of employment — Termination of — Claim for compensation — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Classification of employment relationship — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — The law of Italy

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States — Lease of property for embassy use — Action for eviction — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — Requirement of connecting factor between relationship and the forum — Whether nature or purpose of act decisive — The law of Italy

Sovereign immunity — Foreign sovereign entities — Pontificia Opera di Assistenza (POA) — Organ of the Holy See — Status of Holy See under international law — Legal status of POA — Employee of POA — Contract of employment — Termination of — Action for damages for failure to provide insurance benefits — Whether POA entitled to jurisdictioinal immunity — Nature of employment relationship — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — The law of Italy

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States — Consular staff — Employees of receiving State — Jurisdiction of municipal courts to State injunction restraining foreign State from interfering with exercise of trade union rights of inch employees — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Theory of restrictive immunity — Principle of good faith, as basis of — Distinction between acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — Whether applicable where injunction applied for will interfere with State's power to organise consular offices — The law of Italy

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States — Consular employee — Citizen of receiving State employed as commercial officer — Contract of employment — Termination of — Action for unlawful dismissal — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Classification of employment relationship — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — Whether export promotion by foreign State a sovereign activity — The law of Italy

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States and agencies — Central bank — Requirement for deposit of gold with bank under foreign exchange control procedures — Claim for compensation for loss of gold — Whether bank entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — Whether bank acting on behalf of foreign State — Whether monetary policy a sovereign function — The law of Italy

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States and State-owned corporations — Federal German Railways — Whether entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Whether endowed with independent legal personality — Whether operation of railways a sovereign function — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — The law of the Netherlands

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States — Enforcement of arbitral award against foreign State — Proceedings for obtaining an exequatur — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Whether any requirement under international law of connection between acts in question and the forum — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — Whether any rule of international law completely debarring measures of execution against a foreign State — Whether proceedings to obtain an exequatur for award violate a foreign State's immunity from execution — Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1958 — Applicability to awards to which non-signatories are party — Whether only applicable to awards which are arbitral awards according to the law of a specific State

Sovereign immunity — Public ship — Claim arising from collision at sea — Immunity of Soviet merchant vessel from attachment — Waiver by treaty — Netherlands-USSR Agreement on Merchant Shipping, 1969, Article 16 — Whether directly enforceable in municipal courts — Whether replaces normal rules on attachment — Whether renders any attachment of Soviet vessels unlawful — The law of the Netherlands

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States — Liability for carriage of goods by sea — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — Netherlands-USSR Agreement on Merchant Shipping, 1969, Article 16 — Effect of Agreement on right to assert sovereign immunity — Waiver by treaty — The law of the Netherlands

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States — Lease of premises for use as embassy residence — Action for rent arrears — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Waiver — Extent to which choice of forum for settlement of disputes constitutes waiver — The law of the Netherlands