On December 1, 2023, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) delivered a unanimous order on provisional measures in Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela) (Provisional Measures Order). The ICJ indicated two provisional measures. It ordered first that, pending a final decision in the case, Venezuela shall refrain from taking any action that would modify the situation that currently prevails in the relevant disputed territory (the current situation being that Guyana administers and exercises control over the territory) and, second, that both states shall refrain from any action that might aggravate or extend the dispute before the ICJ.

On May 21, 2024, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (the Tribunal) delivered a unanimous advisory opinion on the Request submitted to the Tribunal by the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law. This was the first advisory opinion on climate change obligations issued by an international judicial body, and the first of three anticipated advisory opinions on climate change obligations from international judicial bodies. The request had been submitted on December 12, 2022 by the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law (COSIS). Two questions on obligations of states parties under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) were posed in the request: (1) what are the specific obligations to prevent, reduce, and control pollution of the marine environment in relation to the deleterious effects that result, or are likely to result, from climate change and ocean acidification, which are caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the atmosphere; and (2) what are the specific obligations to protect and preserve the marine environment in relation to climate change impacts and ocean acidification. A total of 34 states parties to UNCLOS and nine intergovernmental organizations submitted statements, and 33 states parties and four intergovernmental organizations made statements during the oral proceedings.

On January 9, 2024, the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals issued a decision in Cassirer v. Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection Foundation. The case concerned ownership of a U.S. $30 million painting that had been stolen by the Nazis from its Jewish owner. More than six decades later, the pre-War owner's grandson discovered that the painting was on display in a Spanish museum and sought to reclaim it. The matter was in litigation in U.S. courts for almost twenty years. The outcome eventually turned on the issue of choice of law. The court's holding that Spanish law should apply resulted in a judgment that the defendant was the legal owner of the artwork. The court's decision is also notable for a concurring opinion asserting that the defendant should have voluntarily returned the painting to the plaintiffs in accordance with Spain's commitment to the Washington Conference Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art (Washington Principles).

On May 23, 2024, the Fifth Section of the Court issued its judgment in Saakashvili v. Georgia concerning the immunity of former Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili from prosecution for acts committed while in office. After giving up his Georgian citizenship and becoming a Ukrainian national, Saakashvili was convicted in absentia in two separate sets of criminal proceedings against him and was sentenced to a total of six years in prison. As part of a larger effort to make reparations for past wrongdoing, the Georgian Government received over 20,000 complaints from people claiming to be victims of serious human rights violations committed during the rule of Saakashvili's political party, the United National Movement, and under his presidency. The first case concerned a July 2005 attack on a member of parliament who was forced out of his car, beaten by several men, and was left permanently disfigured. The member of parliament alleged that the attack was retaliation for an interview he gave in which he spoke negatively about Saakashvili and his wife. The second case concerned Saakashvili's pardoning of four former high-ranking officials of the Ministry of the Interior who had been convicted of murder. That led to a separate investigation being opened in 2014 to explore charges of abuse of power.