Nano-scale beams might not be considered uniform isotropic since the energy of the surface layer and microstructure of the bulk part highly affect the mechanical characteristics of the beams. Herein, the impact of the energy of the surface layer and the microstructure of the bulk on the mechanical stability of beam-type nanotweezers are investigated. A new bilayer continuum model has been developed which incorporates the strain energy of the surface atoms as well as the microstructure-dependent strain energy of the bulk material. The recently-developed consistent couple stress elasticity (CCSE) in combination with the Gurtin-Murdoch surface theory is applied to derive the governing equation. The nonlinear governing equation was solved using numerical generalized differential quadrature (GDQ). Effects of various parameters including characteristics of the surface layer, microstructure of the bulk and external forces on the static and dynamic stability threshold of the nanostructure are demonstrated.

Thermal deformations in symmetric and antisymmetric cross-ply laminated beams subjected to partial heating are investigated. Some regions of the beam are subjected to thermal loads and the others are thermally unloaded (ΔT = 0). The thermal field is expressed in terms of Heaviside discontinuity functions. The state space approach along with Jordan canonical form is used to generate exact solutions for the thermoelastic response of beams for arbitrary boundary conditions. A first order shear deformation theory is used in the analysis. Deflections are computed for beams subjected to partial heating with various lamination schemes and boundary conditions undergoing uniform and linearly varying temperature through the thickness. Exact thermal deflection curves are presented for beams under step-wise varying temperature field. The solutions presented in this study can readily be used to investigate the thermoelastic behavior of narrow chip-substrate structure, laminated member in laser cutting, composite link in hypersonic vehicle, and etc.

Stability of bars, plates, shells, and other thin-walled structures in conditions of small physical nonlinearity is considered, when stresses exceed the proportionality limit, the amount of deformations being limited. Shanley's concept is used. The critical state is determined by means of some limit dependences. In a large number of cases, when creating efficient highly-stressed constructions, limited plastic deformations are allowed in them. When analysing stability in the critical state, the calculated stresses turn out to exceed the proportionality limit and the Young's modulus of elasticity turns out to be greater than the tangent modulus corresponding to the calculated stress on the diagram “deformation-stress”. The objective of this work is to show that stability calculation beyond the proportionality limit is reduced to the analysis of some limit dependences as well as to develop a general solution algorithm for similar problems.

A general series solution to the problem of interacting circular inclusions in plane elastostatics is presented in this paper. The analysis is based on the use of the complex stress potentials of Muskhelishvili and the theorem of analytical continuation. The general forms of the complex potentials are derived explicitly for the circular inhomogeneities under arbitrary plane loading. Using the alternation technique, these general expressions were subsequently employed to treat the problem of an infinitely extended matrix containing two arbitrarily located inhomogeneities. The major contribution of the present proposed method is shown to be capable of yielding approximate closed-form solutions for multiple inclusions, thus providing the explicit dependence of the solution on the pertinent parameters. The result shows that the dislocation has a stable equilibrium position at a certain combination of material constants. The case of an inhomogeneity interacting with a circular hole under a remote uniform load is also investigated.

The numerical stability of the explicit precise algorithm, which was developed for the viscoplastic materials, was analyzed. It was found that this algorithm is not absolutely stable. A necessary but not sufficient condition for the numerical stability was deduced. It showed that the time step in numerical calculation should be less than a certain value to guarantee the stability of explicit precise algorithm. Through a series of numerical examples, the stability analysis on the explicit precise algorithm was proved to be reliable. At last, an iterative algorithm was presented for viscoplastic materials. Both of the theoretical and numerical results showed that the iterative algorithm is unconditionally stable and its convergence rate is rapid. In practice, the explicit precise algorithm and iterative algorithm can be combined to obtain reliable results with the minimum computing costs.

The natural boundary integral equation (NBIE) is developed to calculate potential derivatives for potential problems with anisotropic media. Firstly, the governing equation of the two-dimensional anisotropic potential problem is transformed into standard Laplace equation by a coordinate transformation method. Then a potential derivative boundary integral equation named as NBIE is extended to solve the anisotropic potential problem. The most important virtue of the NBIE is that the singularity of the integral kernel function is reduced by one order in comparison with the conventional potential derivative boundary integral equation(CDBIE). Therefore the new potential derivative boundary integral equation only contains strongly singular integrals rather than hyper-singular integrals. Thus the NBIE can calculate more accurate potential derivative results for both boundary nodes and interior points. Moreover, in combination with the analytical integral regularization algorithm of nearly singular integrals, the NBIE can obtain more accurate potential derivatives of interior points very close to the boundary than the CDBIE. Numerical examples on heat conduction in anisotropic media demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the NBIE.

Presently, physical limitations are restricting the development of the microelectronic industry driven by Moore's law. To achieve high-performance, small form factor, and lightweight applications, new electronic packaging methods have exceeded Moore's law. This research proposes a double-chip stacking structure in an embedded fan-out wafer-level packaging with double-sided interconnections. The overall reliability of the solder joints and redistributed lines is assessed through finite element analysis. The application of soft lamination material and selection of a carrier material whose coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is close to that of the printed circuit board can effectively enhance the reliability of solder joints over more than 1,000 cycles. A trace/pad junction whose direction is parallel to the major direction of the CTE mismatch is recommended, and the curved portion of trace lines can absorb the expansion of metal lines and filler material. Design-on-simulation methodology is necessary to develop novel packaging structures in the electronic packaging industry.

A numerical simulation of the particle-gas flow in a vertical turbulent pipe flow was conducted. The main objective of the present article is to investigate the effects of dispersed phase (particles) on continuous phase (gas). In so doing, two general forms of Eulerian-Lagrangian approaches namely, one-way (when the fluid flow is not affected by the presence of the particles) and two-way (when the particles exert a feedback force on the fluid) couplings were used to describe the equations of motion of the two-phase flow. Gas-phase velocities which are within the order of magnitude as that of particles, volume fraction, and particle Stokes number were calculated and the results were subsequently compared with the available experimental data. The simulated results show that when the particles are added, the fluid velocity is attenuated. With an increase in particle volume fraction, particle mass loading and Stokes number, velocity attenuation also increases. Moreover, the results indicate that an increase in particle Stokes number reduces the special limited particle volume fraction, according to which one-way coupling method yields plausible results. The results have also indicated that the significance of particle fluid interaction is not merely a function of volume fraction and particle Stokes number.

The present study investigates the hydromagnetic pulsating nanofluid flow in a porous channel with thermal radiation. In this work, we considered water as the base fluid and silver (Ag), copper (Cu), alumina (Al2O3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) as nanoparticles. The Maxwell-Garnetts and Brinkman models are used to evaluate the effective thermal conductivity and viscosity of the nanofluid. The governing equations are solved analytically and the influence of various parameters on velocity, temperature and heat transfer rate has been discussed through graphical results. From the results, it is found that the rate of heat transfer enhances with an increase of nanoparticle volume fraction. Further, the heat transfer rate is higher for silver nanoparticles as compared with copper, alumina and titanium dioxide.

In this work, we investigate electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) flow of Powell-Eyring fluid through a slit confinement. The approximate analytical solution and numerical result of EMHD velocity are obtained by using homotopy perturbation method and Chebyshev spectral method, respectively. The analytical solutions are found to be in good agreement with numerical results under the same conditions. The influences of Hartmann number Ha, electrical field strength parameter S, the Powell-Eyring fluid parameters γ and β on velocity are discussed in detail. It is found that the volume flow rate of Newtonian fluid is always larger than that of Powell-Eyring fluid. The results reveal the intricate interaction between EMHD effect and fluid rheology involving non-Newtonian fluid. Therefore, the results are useful in dealing with some non-Newtonian biomicrofluidic systems.

The simulations of flow past a two-dimensional circular cylinder are conducted to investigate the feasibility of adaptive mesh refinement applied on curved spectral elements. The nonconforming spectral element method and adaptive meshes technique are used to the curve surfaces and observe whether any discontinuity of the solutions. The adaptive nonconforming spectral element method is implemented to compare with those obtained by conforming mesh method with respect to several existing numerical and experimental studies. Meanwhile, three kinds of estimated error base mesh adaptation are conducted to compare their accuracy and efficiency with conforming mesh method. The results show adaptive nonconforming mesh method is more efficient than the conforming method. Especially, the vorticity error based method performs highest accuracy and fastest convergence. The results show this mesh refinement technique is applicable on the curved elements with satisfactory accuracy. It releases this technique may be applied on the simulations of flow past objects with more general geometries.

This paper investigates the rupture problem of a thin micropolar liquid film under a magnetic field on a horizontal plate, using long-wave perturbation to resolve nonlinear evolution equations with a free film interface. The governing equation is resolved using a finite difference method as part of an initial value problem for spatial periodic boundary conditions. The effect of a micropolar liquid under a magnetic field on the nonlinear rupture mechanism is studied in terms of the micropolar parameter, R, the Hartmann constant, m and the initial disturbance amplitude, H0. Modeling results indicate that the R, m and H0 parameters strongly affect the film flow. Enhancing the micropolar and magnetic effects is found to delay the rupture time. In addition, the results show that the film rupture time increases as the values of initial disturbance magnitude decrease. The micropolar and magnetic parameters indeed play a significant role in the film flow on a horizontal plate. Moreover, the optimum conditions can be found to alter stability of the film flow by controlling the applied magnetic field.

Influences of the tip mass, excitation mode of Frequency Modulated Atomic Force Microscope (FM-AFM) on the resonance frequency shift in force modulation (FM) mode are studied. Governing equations of motion are determined based on Timoshenko beam model with concentrated end mass. Approach point and base amplitude are set such that the FM-AFM remains just in FM mode. Either the linearized and nonlinear Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov (DMT) model are investigated. Then frequency shifts are determined for various interaction force regimes. It is showed the effect of tip mass on frequency shift is significant even for small tips. Nonlinear model shows lower frequency shifts in comparison with linearized model. It is showed that the amplitude of response is increased by increasing the tip mass and order of base excitation. Deviation of frequency shift between linearized and nonlinear solution are studied. It is declared that the error between linearized and nonlinear model is complicated. A deviation index is used for explaining behavior of error while tip mass and excitation mode are changed. It is showed, this index predicts the trend of error in all excitation modes and force cases. Behavior of system is linearizing by increasing the order of excitation, generally.

Proper monitor planning is a vital component of structural health monitoring (SHM) project. An extremely important part of the monitor planning is the placement of sensors, usually in the form of acceleration sensors. For the placement of three-dimensional acceleration sensors, the state of practice is to select the sensor configuration by previous experiences. However, this results in a waste of many sensors. A novel method called siege ant colony algorithm (SAC) is proposed in this paper. This method is built on the previous ant colony optimization (ACO) in the direction of improving efficiency and accuracy when applied to optimal sensor placement (OSP) problems in large-scale structure monitoring. This method is applied and compared with standard approaches using the Hanjiang transmission tower.