This journal supports best practices in research openness and transparency. The policies below outline our expectations for authors to help ensure that the research results we publish are as transparent as possible.

Data availability

All manuscripts submitted to this journal must contain a Data Availability Statement, explaining where and how readers can access the data underpinning the research published in the manuscript. Data Availability Statements should be placed in the back matter of your manuscript, before the References.

Whenever possible, we encourage you to make all data and qualitative materials underpinning your research available to readers through an appropriate repository. If you cannot make your data publicly available due to ethical or legal concerns, we encourage you to explain this in your Data Availability Statement.

Appropriate repositories are ones that provide persistent identifiers and have robust preservation policies, ensuring the long-term integrity of published research. 

Code and model availability

We strongly encourage authors to share any analytical code or models used for the research reported in their manuscript. We recommend using an appropriate repository to make code and models available. Information about where you have made your code or models available should be included in your Data Availability Statement.