Intake of high quantities of dietary proteins sourced from dairy, meat or plants can affect body weight and metabolic health in humans. To improve our understanding of how this may be achieved, we reviewed the data related to the availability of nutrients and metabolites in the faeces, circulation and urine. All protein sources (≥20% by energy) increased faecal levels of branched chain fatty acids and ammonia, and decreased the levels of butyrate. There were metabolites responding to dairy and meat proteins (branch chain amino acids) as well as dairy and plant proteins (p-cresol), which were increased in faecal matter. Specific to dairy protein intake, the faecal levels of acetate, indole and phenol were increased, whereas plant protein intake specifically increased the levels of kynurenine and tyramine. Meat protein intake increased the faecal levels of methionine, cysteine and alanine, and decreased the levels of propionate and acetate. The metabolite profile in the faecal matter following dairy protein intake mirrored availability in circulation or urine. These findings provide an understanding of the contrasting gut versus systemic effects of different dietary proteins, which we know to show different physiological effects. In this regard, we provide directions to determining the mechanisms for the effects of different dietary proteins.

Modifying the food environment holds promise for instilling healthier behaviours in children and may be an effective public health strategy for preventing childhood obesity and adverse health outcomes. The school food environment is a valuable setting to influence most children’s dietary behaviours from an early age, yet evidence suggests that the New Zealand and Australian school food environment is not conducive to healthy food and drink consumption. The present study aimed to investigate the level of compliance in New Zealand and Australia with government guidelines for food and drink availability within schools and the subsequent effect on food consumption and purchasing behaviours of children. A systematic review utilising three databases; ‘PubMed’, ‘Scopus’, and the ‘Cochrane Library’ was conducted. The research covered peer-reviewed studies from both New Zealand and Australia that met predefined inclusion criteria. Fifteen studies focussed on assessing food availability within schools based on government guidelines, and ten studies explored food purchasing and consumption by students influenced by changes to the school food environment. Results showed low compliance with government healthy food guidelines for schools, and significant socioeconomic disparities. Western Australia's clear targets as well as the mandatory monitoring systems in place stand out as being a significant enabler of greater compliance with government food policies. Interventions aimed at improving healthy food availability and promoting healthy options in the canteen may positively influence student purchasing and consumption habits. Strategies such as feedback models and incentivisation hold promise for promoting healthier school environments and influencing children's food choices.

Aging is an inevitable biological process accompanied by various physiological changes, and researchers have long sought interventions to promote healthy aging. This article explores the effects of four natural compounds—Omega-3 fatty acids, Coenzyme Q10, Gingerol, and Curcumin—on the aging process. We delve into the scientific literature to examine the potential benefits and mechanisms behind these substances in mitigating age-related conditions. Omega-3's anti-inflammatory properties, Coenzyme Q10's cellular energy support, Gingerol’s antioxidant effects, and Curcumin’s anti-aging properties are all discussed. By shedding light on the impact of these compounds, this review aims to contribute to a better understanding of how natural substances may play a role in promoting longevity and enhancing the quality of life during the aging journey.