Hazardous materials are widely used in modern society, including in industry, business, agriculture, research, healthcare, and other sectors. As sea levels continue to rise around the globe, locations where hazardous materials are produced, stored, transported, or utilized become increasingly vulnerable to flooding, storm surge, and other problems that can result in accidental releases. Such releases can pose threats to health, the environment, and the economic viability of communities.

This paper reports on a new pilot project in Coastal Virginia to increase awareness, enhance safeguards, and strengthen preparedness for the growing threat of hazardous material releases posed by rising sea levels.

Launched under the Institute for Coastal Adaptation and Resilience (ICAR) at Old Dominion University, with support from the ODU Resilience Collaborative, the project includes several components. One part identifies hazardous materials sectors that could be affected by rising seas. Another component consists of case studies of locations that have already been affected. A third component involves stakeholder workshops where participants work collaboratively to enhance safeguards and strengthen preparedness.

Designed in 2017 and 2018, the project secured initial funding early in 2018. Since then, the project has worked to identify sectors and activities that could be affected by rising seas and establish links with key stakeholder agencies, sectors, and organizations. The next steps, to be completed in 2019, involve preparation of case studies from facilities already affected by rising sea levels, and the implementation of the first in a series of stakeholder workshops.

As sea levels rise, more hazardous materials locations become vulnerable. Proactively addressing this threat is an essential part of sea level rise preparedness, adaptation, and resilience. The new pilot project in Coastal Virginia is intended to help address this challenge by increasing awareness and bringing stakeholders together to collaboratively identify practical steps forward.

Following the New Zealand November 2016 earthquake, mental health staff were deployed to assist with the immediate levels of distress in the community. The work included working with individuals, couples and families, staff wellbeing sessions, psychosocial education, and participating in outreach clinics to isolated communities.

Aware of international evidence and the experience following the 2010/11 earthquakes, the aim was to provide mental health assistance to address issues as early as possible with the intent that this would reduce the future demands on specialist services.

Following the response phase, a small team of mental health specialists formed the Recovery and Wellbeing Team working in the affected communities undertaking clinical, consult, advisory, and educational work as needed. The team flexed and evolved to meet the changing needs. A range of data was collected and analyzed to monitor the work and the outcomes of this team.

With additional support provided following the earthquake, there has been a significant positive change in the numbers of referrals to secondary mental health services in Christchurch. A new model of care has now been collaboratively developed, as the mental health system positively adapted to a changed reality. This model is essentially an easily accessed, early intervention, comprehensive model of mental health service to maintain the positive gains.

Following a significant disaster, all involved will benefit from some form of psychosocial support. For most, this will be achieved through the person’s own networks. For some, the event will trigger responses from previous traumatic experiences and a few mental health supports will be required. Having skilled professionals with the ability to cope with the constantly changing needs, and who are available to meet people at the earliest opportunity, has enabled issues to be resolved rather than leaving these issues to escalate over time.

Global conversations emphasize strengthening communities’ resilience to disasters. These conversations inspired the Victorian Compendium of Community-Based Resilience Building Case Studies. The Compendium motivates community members to build expertise, reduce program duplication, and save valuable resources. Case study analysis identified critical success factors. Between 2012 and 2018, community groups completed an Expression of Interest to present at the MUDRI Advancing Community Resilience Forums, which provided an opportunity to impart resilience activities and knowledge. It also solved challenges and shared unforeseen learning. Over six years, 72 groups presented. Subsequently, 35 submitted their activity for consideration into the Compendium. Of these 35, 30 were included.

This updated research analyses critical success factors of 30 case studies. Success factors support the key tenet of the Victorian Compendium of Community-Based Resilience Building Case Studies: to promote the sharing of achievable, practical resilience building activities. The online Compendium provides free access for all communities to explore activities before, during, and after disasters.

A thematic analysis identified critical success factors of 30 Compendium case studies.

Case studies revealed unique and valuable learning in diverse settings. The critical success factors included: (1) strong governance, Board support, leadership and trust; (2) partnerships; (3) commitment, adaptability, and stamina; and (4) community-based initiatives. Other success factors included a paid facilitator and local government support, stamina, and celebrating success.

The Compendium represents an Australian first and offers an innovative contribution to resilience practice and research. It enhances other Victorian initiatives such as the Rockefeller funded Resilient Melbourne Strategy, which incorporates the Compendium to bring people together from across sectors to deliver distinct, yet connected actions to strengthen resilience. The Compendium enables diverse communities to adopt or adapt proven resilience activities, thereby preserving valuable resources. It offers the opportunity to extend to a national or international Compendium.

In the past five decades, the region of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has been subject to several types of terrorist attacks, with most committed by local terrorist organizations. However, there have also been attacks by international terrorist groups. Internationally, terrorist attacks are increasing in both frequency and complexity. Significant concerns exist regarding the use of Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs) in civilian settings. Asphyxiants (e.g. cyanide), opioids (e.g. fentanyl), and nerve agents (e.g. sarin) represent some of the most lethal CWAs. To date, there is very little published data on their use in the LAC region despite the fact that the recent attacks in Syria have sparked international interest in the use and regulation of CWAs.

To improve civilian health service preparedness in response to CWAs attacks by describing the types of agents historically used within the LAC region.

Information was extracted and analyzed from the open-source Global Terrorist Database hosted by the University of Maryland, regarding CWA-LAC from January 1, 1970, to December 31, 2017.

During the forty-seven year period reviewed, there were 29,846 terrorist attacks in the LAC region, with 63.6% occurring in the southern region. Twenty-nine CWA attacks were reported, with the most common agents being tear gas (37%) and cyanide (29.6%). The most frequent targets were religious figures/institutions (22.2%), law enforcement (18.5%), and government agencies/personnel (18.5%).

Cyanide is one of the most prevalent agents used for chemical weapons attacks in the LAC region. Preparedness should be enhanced for CWA terrorist attacks, especially those involving cyanide, given its life-threatening nature, prevalence, and the existence of reversal agents. First responders, physicians, and nurses should be aware of this potential hazard and be trained to respond appropriately. Additionally, regional stockpiles of antidotes should be considered by governmental bodies within the LAC region.

Tactical Emergency Medical Response (TEMS) originated in the 1990s in Finland. It is a nationally standardized joint-effort with EMS and police special units, such as SWAT.

To describe a national system of TEMS in Finland.

In Finland, TEMS is a national response system of specially trained paramedics and pre-hospital doctors, working normally in HEMS or a local physician staffed rapid response car. There is a two-tier selection to get accepted in the basic course. The police run background checks for all participants before they are accepted to the course. The course itself is four days and it covers the basics of police tactics, protective gear, penetrating wounds, evacuation, etc. After graduating from the basic course, the paramedic/doctor is qualified to participate in missions. Although healthcare professionals are involved, a TEMS mission is under the police command and is used as one of the police’s special teams to operate in areas where normal EMS cannot be allowed for safety reasons. TEMS does not carry any weapons. The Police provide the teams with the same protective equipment that the SWAT/CTU has. After some years, there is a three-day refresher course for active TEMS service. In this course, the main training points are working in austere environments, such as helicopters, boats, and in urban environments wearing civilian clothing. Police pay for the usage of TEMS in missions, but they do not pay for training days.

TEMS has good national coverage. In 2017, there were 131 TEMS activations. The normal response to a mission is a team of one or two TEMS operators.

TEMS has achieved good national coverage and is deployed often. TEMS has also channeled information and training, such as TECC, to normal EMS personnel and raised their preparedness as well.

In the southern Philippines, human-induced disasters, such as terrorist attacks, have caused unprecedented damage to the economic, social, and political life of the attacked and nearby areas. More gruesome is the direct impacts to human life and wellbeing. This study focuses on the 2017 Marawi armed siege, the longest urban battle in the Philippines. The 154-day siege took a heavy toll, including 1,132 deaths among militants, soldiers, police, and civilians, and caused the displacement of some 400,000 local inhabitants. The city is in total ruins leaving its economic center as “Ground 0.” The aftermath of the siege demands major interventions to address physical and economic damages, but more importantly, to ameliorate the human impacts caused by the brutalities of war. The displaced peoples need to recover from health impacts – psychological trauma, as well as social, environmental, and cultural. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) 2015-2030 states that DRR requires society-wide engagement. Everyone, regardless of their age, gender, ethnicity, religion, or socio-economic position, should be involved in thinking, planning, and deciding about DRR. Studies on youth participation in disaster recovery are still scarce.

This current research aims to help fill this gap and to contribute to providing the much-needed evidence base for the formulation and implementation of future policies to enable and improve youth participation in post-disaster initiatives in the Philippines.

Initial findings reveal that the following are crucial factors for youth mobilization: (1.) avenues for volunteering, (2.) access to adequate resources and support including information, funds, manpower, and social capital, (3.) opportunities for the youth to participate in the form of events or activities, (4.) legal mandate for youth participation in local, national, and international policies and frameworks. The study also looked at barriers or challenges to youth participation and their motivations.

Westmead Hospital (WMH) recognized gaps in its preparedness to respond to the Ebola 2014 outbreak in West Africa. A fragmented system was identified. A ‘State of Bio-preparedness’ project team convened to discuss all healthcare services in the planning, training, and implementation of a biopreparedness response.

A survey targeting the staff’s competence and confidence in biologically hazardous infection management was conducted. Semi-structured interviews explored staff members’ experiences and perspectives of biopreparedness response. The collaborative team called “State of Biopreparedness” (SOB) was assembled and a clinical practice improvement project was undertaken. To assess readiness, nine simulated Viral Haemorrhagic Fever (VHF) exercises involving staff and consumers were conducted. These exercises were debriefed by the multidisciplinary committee and themes and issues were identified. These nine simulation drills then assessed readiness and evaluated performance.

A number of consistent issues continue to emerge including:

1. 1. A standard communication pathway for notification was needed - use of the incident paging system (111 pages) to notify the hospital’s incident management team.

2. 2. A consistent and coordinated approach to the training and maintenance of standardized and high-level Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) protocols for frontline clinical and clinical staff was required.

3. 3. Clear delineation of roles and responsibilities and supporting these roles by translating the VHF Control Guideline and policy into task cards and checklists.

4. 4. Strengthening intra- and interdepartmental staff collaboration and communication.

5. 5. Infection control measures to be taken by staff after identifying a patient with possible VHF to reduce the risk of transmission of disease to staff, other patients, and visitors.

Integrating disaster management processes with clinical protocols had a positive impact on the hospital’s biopreparedness response. Simulation exercises were a vital and practical way for staff to feel confident and competent to perform their roles.

Micronutrient supplementation is recommended in Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). However, there is limited data on its therapeutic impacts. This study evaluated the association between vitamin A supplementation and mortality outcomes in EVD patients.

This retrospective cohort study accrued patients with EVD admitted to five International Medical Corps run Ebola Treatment Units (ETU) in two countries from 2014-2015. Protocolized treatments with antimicrobials and micronutrients were used at all ETUs. However, due to resource limitations and care variations, only a subset of patients received vitamin A. Standardized data on demographics, clinical characteristics, malaria status, and Ebola virus RT-PCR cycle threshold (CT) values were collected. The outcome of interest was mortality compared between cases treated with 200,000 International Units of vitamin A on care days one and two and those not. Propensity scores (PS) based on the first 48-hours of care were derived using the covariates of age, duration of ETU function, malaria status, CT values, symptoms of confusion, hemorrhage, diarrhea, dysphagia, and dyspnea. Treated and non-treated cases were matched 1:1 based on nearest neighbors with replacement. Covariate balance met predefined thresholds. Mortality proportions between cases treated and untreated with vitamin A were compared using generalized estimating equations to calculate relative risks (RR) with associated 95% confidence intervals (CI).

There were 424 cases analyzed, with 330 (77.8%) being vitamin A-treated cases. The mean age was 30.5 years and 57.0% were female. The most common symptoms were diarrhea (86%), anorexia (81%), and vomiting (77%). Mortality proportions among cases untreated and treated with vitamin A were 71.9% and 55.0%, respectively. In a propensity-matched analysis, mortality was significantly lower among cases receiving vitamin A (RR = 0.77 95%; CI:0.59-0.99; p = 0.041).

Early vitamin A supplementation was associated with reduced mortality in EVD patients and should be provided routinely during future epidemics.

DRC Ministry of Health declared the 9th outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the Equator province on May 8, 2018, that ended on July 25, 2018. There were 54 cases with 38 confirmed, 33 deaths (61%), and 21 survivors in three “zones de santé” (districts). On August 1, 2018, the 10th EVD outbreak of the country was declared in the Ituri and North Kivu provinces. This one is the most important outbreak ever experienced. By November 18, 2018, 373 cases were reported with 326 confirmed and 214 deaths (58%) in two provinces including 14 “zones de santé.” While the 9th outbreak occurred in hard-to-reach areas, the 10th is occurring in fragile security settings, requiring specific strategic/operational approaches.

To describe strategic and operational approaches including IMSs used to address these deadly outbreaks.

A case study methodology using response strategy documents and observations was used, coupled with the use of operation review exercises.

The response strategy evolved continuously taking into account the epidemiological context, including geographical spread. It also took into account cultural, political, and sociological (community resistances) sensitivities. Conditions of pre-existing health system and services were considered. The prevailing security context (armed groups) was taken into account. The evolving situation impacted implementation of response areas including critical interventions like setting up confirmation and treatment centres, rapid response teams, and IMS structures. Areas of response were reviewed continuously, including response structures with further decentralization, outreach, or locally delegated interventions to ensure geographical access and continuity in response services.

Response areas to deal with EVD outbreaks are well known. However, an effective response requires a continuous adjustment of the strategy and a flexible response structures with related IMSs based on regular deep situation analysis. Social sciences still have a critical role to play for that purpose.

Both India and Nepal are prone to a wide range of natural and man-made disasters. Almost 85% of India’s area is vulnerable to one or more hazards, and more than 80% of the total population of Nepal is at risk of natural hazards. In terms of the number of people affected in reported disastrous events, India is in the top 10 and Nepal is in the top 20 globally. Over the last two decades, India and Nepal have taken steps to establish their respective National Disaster Management organizations, which provide essential disaster responses. However, key gaps still remain in trained clinical capacity for managing impacts from various disasters. Our review of the region has shown that large parts of the population suffer injuries, diseases, disabilities, psychosocial, and other health-related problems from disasters.

Develop disaster medicine clinical capacity to reduce morbidities and mortalities from disasters.

Independent published data and work undertaken by the lead author in various disasters in India and Nepal since 1993 formed the basis of establishing the Faculty of Disaster Medicine for South Asia. The Faculty of Disaster Medicine - India and Nepal (FDMIN) was launched from Pune in March 2015. This initiative is supported by the National Association of Primary Care (UK), Public Health England, Faculty of Pre-hospital Care of Royal College of Surgeons - Edinburgh and CRIMEDIM (Novara) - Italy.

FDMIN has international expert advisors and has outlined 16 modules training curriculum for health care professionals. FDMIN currently has partnerships for teaching disaster medicine program with 3 medical universities and 12 major health care providers. Six pilot training programmes have been conducted in Pune, Delhi, Chennai, and Kochin. Work is underway to submit an application to the Indian regulatory bodies for approval to establish a post-graduate diploma and Master’s for Disaster Medicine.

Moulage is the art of creating faked injuries on actors for training purposes. Moulage is commonly used in disaster and emergency medicine training, as it is believed to improve learning through enhanced realism.

The aim of the current study was to test the effect of moulage on perceived realism and learning during a joint exercise featuring students from the police, rescue service, and ambulance service.

The scenario was a car accident with two victims. Students (n = 135) were divided into 12 groups. Moulage was applied to the victim actors for half the groups (n = 67), whereas the other half (n = 68) experienced the scenario without moulage. Victim cards were used in both scenarios. Immersion, realism, and learning was measured on a 100-point scale immediately post-scenario using a questionnaire.

Two (moulage group) by three (student population and police, rescue service, or ambulance) ANOVAS on realism, immersion, and learning found no effects on realism or immersion (all p>0.10). There was an effect of student group on learning, F(2, 92) = 3.518, p = 0.034, partial eta square = 0.071, such that the rescue service students had overall lower scores on learning (M = 53.87, SD = 28.29) compared to the police (M = 66.07, SD = 27.55) and ambulance students (M = 74.99, SD = 24.51). Cohen’s ds for moulage effect was calculated to 0.144 for immersion, 0.112 for realism, and 0.003 for learning.

The current study did not find any effects of moulage on immersion, realism, or learning. The effect sizes indicate that any effect of moulage on realism and immersion, should it exist, is in the approximate size of 2-3 points on a 100-point scale. The lack of effect may be due to limitations in the study design, but may also indicate that the use of moulage in addition to victim cards is not necessarily beneficial for novice students’ learning.

Health effects of disasters are mostly consistent across hazard types. Those working in communities affected by disasters have an opportunity to provide surveillance and early management to patients affected by disaster through increased understanding of the epidemiology or health consequences in the days, weeks, months, and years after disasters. Disasters have been called a social determinant of health and population-level changes or social determinants that have been documented post-incident. Environmental and community disruption contribute to health effects. Consequent health effects are evidenced across body systems, affecting both physical and mental health.

To develop guidelines for primary care patient review following a disaster, based on the temporal pattern of disease epidemiology.

A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to examine the epidemiology of health consequences following disasters.

Guidelines for Family Doctors based on the literature review were developed to assist preventative care, surveillance, early identification of emerging conditions, and ongoing management of pre-existing disease.

Healthcare management in disasters focuses on acute healthcare in emergency departments and hospitals. However, healthcare is also being provided in primary healthcare settings during the first days to weeks of the catastrophe, with many health consequences ongoing in the weeks, months, and years after the event.

Following a mass casualty incident (MCI), it can take several minutes for emergency medical services (EMS) to arrive. The course was developed by Magen David Adom (MDA) based on unique experience in dealing with MCIs, and the time between alerting emergency services to such an incident until they arrive. The course is focused on teaching the general public to channel their desire to help in such a situation into useful skills which can potentially improve patient outcomes. The seminar focuses on key principles such as safety, calling for help, providing an accurate picture of the scene, and initiating basic treatment with an emphasis on hemorrhage control.

MDA examined the ability of the general public with no previous medical training to perform a basic triage and treatment in an MCI situation. Additionally, the study examined the abilities of the study groups to manage a scene until the arrival of EMS based on the principles taught in the course.

MDA has sent teams of instructors around the world to teach over 1,000 participants. Upon completing the course, the participants partake in a drill that assesses their ability to manage a scene of 20 patients. Their ability to initiate the call for help, provide an accurate picture, initiate treatment, and give an accurate report to arriving emergency responders are examined.

The average times were recorded. Within 38 seconds, dispatch was alerted to the situation. Within 2:30 minutes, treatment was initiated for all patients. Within 4:37 minutes, the scene was fully under control, and within 6:37 minutes, an accurate report was transferred to EMS on the scene.

The participants demonstrated an unexpected willingness to learn, practice, and partake in the drills, and the results were unexpected.

We opened a national conference in Australia with a surprise mass casualty simulation scenario of a van versus multiple persons outside the conference venue. The purpose of this exercise was to increase awareness of, and preparation for, mass casualty incident (MCI) events for the conference delegates who were paramedics, emergency department nurses, and doctors.

The aim of the research is to understand whether a surprise MCI simulation is a useful way to increase knowledge and motivate preparedness.

A survey hosted on Qualtrics was circulated to delegates via email. The survey was designed by the research team and had 38 questions about demographics and respondents’ experience with MCIs, as well as their perceptions of the simulation exercise. The questions were a mixture of 5-point Likert scales, multiple choice, and short answers.

The majority of respondents were clinicians (n = 66, 76%) and those who worked in emergency departments or the prehospital setting (n = 75, 86%). While the majority had not responded to an MCI in the past 5 years (n = 67, 77%), more than half (n = 50, 57%) had undertaken MCI training during this time. Overall, a vast majority of respondents found the simulation to be a worthwhile exercise that increased knowledge and preparedness. An overwhelming majority also reported that the simulation was relevant to practice, of high quality, and a useful way to teach about major incidents.

Our surprise major incident simulation was a fun and effective way to raise awareness and increase knowledge in prehospital and emergency department clinicians about MCI response. This approach to simulation can be easily replicated at relatively low cost and is, therefore, a useful solution to training a group of multidisciplinary health professionals outside of the workplace.

In a disaster or mass casualty incident, the Emergency Department (ED) charge nurse is thrust into an expanded leadership role, expected to not only manage the department but also organize a disaster response. Hospital emergency preparedness training programs typically focus on high-level leadership, while frontline decision-making staff get experience only through online training and infrequent full-scale exercises. Financial and time limitations of full-scale exercises have been identified as major barriers to frontline training.

To discuss a cost-effective approach to training ED charge nurses and informal leaders in disaster response.

A formal training program was implemented in the ED. All permanent and relief charge nurses are required to attend one four-hour Hospital ICS course within their first year in their position, as well as participate in a minimum of one two-hour ED-based tabletop exercise per year. The tabletop exercises are offered bimonthly, covering various mass casualty scenarios such as apartment complex fires, riots, and a tornado strike. Full-scale exercises involving the ED occur annually.

ED permanent and relief charge nurses expressed increased skills and knowledge in areas such as initiation of disaster processes, implementation of hospital incident command, and familiarization with protocols and available resources. Furthermore, ED charge nurses have demonstrated strong leadership, decision-making, and improved response to actual mass casualty incidents since implementing ICS training and tabletop exercises.

Limitations of relying on full-scale disaster exercises to provide experience to frontline leaders can be overcome by the inclusion of ICS training and tabletop exercises for ED charge nurses in a hospital training and exercise plan. Implementing a structured training program for ED charge nurses focusing on leadership in mass casualty incidents is one step to building a more resilient and prepared ED, hospital, and community.

A 2018 poll by the American College of Emergency Physicians shows 93% of surveyed doctors believe their emergency department is not fully prepared for patient surge capacity in the event of a natural or man-made disaster. While an emergency disaster plan is activated during any incident where resources are overwhelmed, many US emergency physicians today think of a mass casualty incident (MCI) as the inciting event. To better prepare our communities, an MCI simulation took place in Chicago 2018 with participation from local and federal representatives. Included were Chicago fire, police, and emergency medical services agencies, emergency medicine physicians, resident participants, and medical student volunteer victims.

The study’s aim was to determine whether resource intensive moulage was an expected component or a beneficial adjunct, if moulage-based training would improve physician preparedness, and if such a training would increase the likelihood of future involvement in local disaster preparations. Analysis was performed on pre- and post-training surveys completed by participants. By reviewing the benefits versus cost, future MCI simulation planners can efficiently use their funds to achieve training goals.

Thirty-two emergency medicine physicians were surveyed before and after a five-hour training session on October 20, 2018, which included 89 moulage victims. Twenty-four after-event surveys were completed. All completed surveys were utilized in data analysis.

Of polled participants, a 68% improvement in general preparedness was achieved. While only 19% of participants cited current involvement in their facility’s disaster planning in pre-event survey, the likelihood of involvement after training was 8.2/10. Overall, the importance of moulage an essential component to such trainings remained constant.

Moulage is an expected and crucial element to MCI training and should be incorporated as extensively as resources allow. MCI trainings improve physician preparedness and potentially increase physician involvement in disaster planning at home institutions.

With increasing disaster risks from extreme weather, climate change, and emerging infectious diseases, the public health system plays a crucial role in community health protection. The disproportionate impacts of disaster risks demonstrate the need to consider ethics and values in public health emergency preparedness (PHEP) activities. Established PHEP frameworks from many countries do not integrate ethics into operational approaches.

To explore the ethical dimensions of all-hazards public health emergency preparedness in Canada.

A qualitative study design was employed to explore key questions relating to PHEP. Six focus groups, using the Structured Interview Matrix (SIM) format, were held across Canada with 130 experts from local, provincial, or federal levels, with an emphasis on local/regional public health. An inductive approach to content analysis was used to develop emergent themes, and iteratively examined based on the literature. This paper presents analyses examining the dimensions of ethics and values that emerged from the focus group discussions.

Thematic analysis resulted in the identification of four themes. The themes highlight the importance of proactive consideration of values in PHEP planning: challenges in balancing competing priorities, the need for transparency around decision-making, and consideration for how emergencies impact both individuals and communities.

Lack of consideration for the ethical dimensions of PHEP in operational frameworks can have important implications for communities. If decisions are made ad-hoc during an evolving emergency situation, the ethical implications may increase the risk for some populations, and lead to compromised trust in the PHEP system. The key findings from this study may be useful in influencing PHEP practice and policy to incorporate fairness and values at the core of PHEP to ensure readiness for emergencies with community health impacts.

The term “profession” to describe the people who carry out emergency management (EM) in Australia continues to gain momentum. Many emergency managers see themselves and are seen by others as professionals, yet little evidence exists to confirm this proposition. Unlike other professions, there is no peak body or overarching organization in Australia to help the diverse group of emergency managers to identify standards of performance and to lobby decision-makers on their behalf.

This study identifies criteria that define a profession and considers how the emergency management sector in Australia reflects them.

A literature review and review of established professions informed criteria of what constitutes a profession. Using these criteria, a survey was conducted to identify the demographic profiles of Australian emergency managers, their perception of the criteria of a profession, and their attitudes towards professionalization of their sector. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a representative sample. Ethics approval was obtained.

A set of criteria for an EM context in Australia was created. 859 emergency managers in Australia were surveyed using an online questionnaire. No common profile emerged from the survey in terms of age, gender, background, expertise, skills, or experience. Likewise, no clear career path, no clearly defined standard training, no universal standards of performance, and no statutory certification to qualify an emergency manager as a professional were revealed. Participants variously identified some of the necessary criteria of a profession, but no uniformity emerged.

This unique study concludes that the sector is not yet in a position to regard emergency management as a profession. Recommendations suggest steps be taken in the short- and long-term to facilitate the establishment of EM as a profession and identifies further research to inform the journey towards professionalizing the emergency management sector.

This research identified a gap in understanding the lived experience of long-term disaster resilience (LTDR). Increasing disasters could influence more people. Therefore, understanding LTDR becomes imperative. Little research documents men and women’s reflections following disasters. Current research highlights survivors’ mental health, particularly clinical diagnoses like PTSD. Research remains limited on the social impacts long after disasters.

Research aimed to identify a gendered perspective of the lived experience about what contributes to LTDR three years after Ash Wednesday in 1983, the Victorian floods in 1993 and 2010-11, and the 2009 Black Saturday fires.

A comprehensive, systematized search was conducted of peer-reviewed, grey, and secondary literature for a narrative review and thematic analysis.

106 references were identified. After removing duplicates and papers not fitting the inclusion criteria, two papers met the criteria. However, two borderline papers were included due to the closeness of the timeframe and brevity of research available.

Most research is related to the immediate aftermath or short-term resilience. Papers provided no specific attributes to enhance the lived experience of LTDR as it related to gender. However, factors that could enhance the lived experience of LTDR were drawn from six themes in sociological studies. Presumptive interpretations were made about what factors may provide insight into the social and contextual issues of LTDR. The literature dearth identified the need for long-term disaster resilience research. The most striking conclusion drawn from themes tells how people perceived the way a disaster and the ensuing period affected their personal relationships and circumstances. Overall, positive experiences strengthened their resilience while negative experiences hindered their resilience. While the review resulted in a disappointing outcome, the dearth of LTDR research lacked any reference to gender but confirmed research opportunities for innovative research that could influence policy and practice.

Emergency services are not the only source of information that the public uses when considering taking action during an event. There are also environmental cues, information from the media, or actions by peers that can influence perceptions and actions. When cues from different information sources are in conflict, it can cause uncertainty about the right protective action to take.

Our research responds to concerns that conflicting cues exacerbate community non-compliance with emergency warnings.

The sample consisted of 2,649 participants who completed one of 32 surveys.

The findings from this project confirmed emergency services agencies’ suspicions that conflicting cues can affect information processing and risk perceptions, and therefore prevent people from taking appropriate protective action. The results were reasonably consistent across fire and flood scenarios, suggesting the problem of conflicting cues is not hazard-specific. When presented with consistent cues, participants were more likely to evacuate, perceive risk about the event, share information with friends, family, and peers, find emergency warnings to be effective, and comprehend information. When faced with conflicting cues, participants were more likely to seek out additional information. It affected their information processing and self-efficacy. The results did not change for people of different ages, native language, country of birth, or post-hazard experience. This is contrary to most emergency literature research findings, which show that individual differences play a role in impacting propensity to take protective action. However, there does appear to be a significant gender effect. These results require further exploration.

These findings may be used to assist emergency services agencies to tailor community warnings during time-critical situations, and develop ways to mitigate ambiguity caused by conflicting cues to encourage protective action in order to save lives and properties.