The infinite Post Correspondence Problem (ωPCP) was shown to be undecidable by Ruohonen (1985) in general. Blondel and Canterini [Theory Comput. Syst. 36 (2003) 231–245] showed that ωPCP is undecidable for domain alphabets of size 105, Halava and Harju [RAIRO–Theor. Inf. Appl. 40 (2006) 551–557] showed that ωPCP is undecidable for domain alphabets of size 9. By designing a special coding, we delete a letter from Halava and Harju’s construction. So we prove that ωPCP is undecidable for domain alphabets of size 8.

For an extensive range of infinite words, and the associated symbolic dynamical systems, we compute, together with the usual language complexity function counting the finite words, the minimal and maximal complexity functions we get by replacing finite words by finite patterns, or words with holes.

In a previous paper [L. Giambruno and S. Mantaci, Theoret. Comput. Sci. 411 (2010) 1785–1792] a bideterministic transducer is defined for the bidirectional deciphering of words by the method introduced by Girod [IEEE Commun. Lett. 3 (1999) 245–247]. Such a method is defined using prefix codes. Moreover a coding method, inspired by the Girod’s one, is introduced, and a transducer that allows both right-to-left and left-to-right decoding by this method is defined. It is proved also that this transducer is minimal. Here we consider the number of states of such a transducer, related to some features of the considered prefix code X. We find some bounds of such a number of states in relation with different notions of “size” of X. In particular, we give an exact formula for the number of states of transducers associated to maximal prefix codes. We moreover consider two special cases of codes: maximal uniform codes and a class of codes, that we name string-codes. We show that they represent, for maximal codes, the extreme cases with regard to the number of states in terms of different sizes. Moreover we prove that prefix codes corresponding to isomorphic trees have transducers that are isomorphic as unlabeled graphs.

In this paper, we introduce generating networks of splicing processors (GNSP for short),a formal languages generating model related to networks of evolutionary processors and toaccepting networks of splicing processors. We show that all recursively enumerablelanguages can be generated by GNSPs with only nine processors. We also show, by directsimulation, that two other variants of this computing model, where the communicationbetween processors is conducted in different ways, have the same computational power.

An infinite permutation α is a linear ordering of N. We study properties of infinite permutations analogous to those of infinite words, and show some resemblances and some differences between permutations and words. In this paper, we try to extend to permutations the notion of automaticity. As we shall show, the standard definitions which are equivalent in the case of words are not equivalent in the context of permutations. We investigate the relationships between these definitions and prove that they constitute a chain of inclusions. We also construct and study an automaton generating the Thue-Morse permutation.

We initiate the theory and applications of biautomata. A biautomaton can read a word alternately from the left and from the right. We assign to each regular language L its canonical biautomaton. This structure plays, among all biautomata recognizing the language L, the same role as the minimal deterministic automaton has among all deterministic automata recognizing the language L. We expect that from the graph structure of this automaton one could decide the membership of a given language for certain significant classes of languages. We present the first two results of this kind: namely, a language L is piecewise testable if and only if the canonical biautomaton of L is acyclic. From this result Simon’s famous characterization of piecewise testable languages easily follows. The second class of languages characterizable by the graph structure of their biautomata are prefix-suffix testable languages.

We introduce and investigate string assembling systems which form a computational model that generates strings from copies out of a finite set of assembly units. The underlying mechanism is based on piecewise assembly of a double-stranded sequence of symbols, where the upper and lower strand have to match. The generation is additionally controlled by the requirement that the first symbol of a unit has to be the same as the last symbol of the strand generated so far, as well as by the distinction of assembly units that may appear at the beginning, during, and at the end of the assembling process. We start to explore the generative capacity of string assembling systems. In particular, we prove that any such system can be simulated by some nondeterministic one-way two-head finite automaton, while the stateless version of the two-head finite automaton marks to some extent a lower bound for the generative capacity. Moreover, we obtain several incomparability and undecidability results as well as (non-)closure properties, and present questions for further investigations.

This paper deals with rational base number systems for p-adic numbers. We mainly focus on the system proposed by Akiyama et al. in 2008, but we also show that this system is in some sense isomorphic to some other rational base number systems by means of finite transducers. We identify the numbers with finite and eventually periodic representations and we also determine the number of representations of a given p-adic number.

In automata theory, quantum computation has been widely examined for finite statemachines, known as quantum finite automata (QFAs), and less attention has been given toQFAs augmented with counters or stacks. In this paper, we focus on such generalizations ofQFAs where the input head operates in one-way or realtime mode, and present some newresults regarding their superiority over their classical counterparts. Our first result isabout the nondeterministic acceptance mode: Each quantum model architecturallyintermediate between realtime finite state automaton and one-way pushdown automaton(one-way finite automaton, realtime and one-way finite automata with one-counter, andrealtime pushdown automaton) is superior to its classical counterpart. The second andthird results are about bounded error language recognition: for anyk > 0, QFAs with k blind counters outperform theirdeterministic counterparts; and, a one-way QFA with a single head recognizes an infinitefamily of languages, which can be recognized by one-way probabilistic finite automata withat least two heads. Lastly, we compare the nondeterminictic and deterministic acceptancemodes for classical finite automata with k blind counter(s), and we showthat for any k > 0, the nondeterministic models outperform thedeterministic ones.

Any amicable pair ϕ, ψ of Sturmian morphisms enables a construction of a ternary morphism η which preserves the set of infinite words coding 3-interval exchange. We determine the number of amicable pairs with the same incidence matrix in SL±(2,ℕ) and we study incidence matrices associated with the corresponding ternary morphisms η.

The repetition threshold introduced by Dejean and Brandenburg is the smallest real number α such that there exists an infinite word over a k-letter alphabet that avoids β-powers for all β > α. We extend this notion to colored graphs and obtain the value of the repetition thresholds of trees and “large enough” subdivisions of graphs for every alphabet size.

The product w = u ⊗ v of two sequences u and v is a naturally defined sequence on the alphabet of pairs of symbols. Here, we study when the product w of two balanced sequences u,v is balanced too. In the case u and v are binary sequences, we prove, as a main result, that, if such a product w is balanced and deg(w) = 4, then w is an ultimately periodic sequence of a very special form. The case of arbitrary alphabets is approached in the last section. The partial results obtained and the problems proposed show the interest of the notion of product in the study of balanced sequences.

We study the avoidance of Abelian powers of words and consider three reasonable generalizations of the notion of Abelian power to fractional powers. Our main goal is to find an Abelian analogue of the repetition threshold, i.e., a numerical value separating k-avoidable and k-unavoidable Abelian powers for each size k of the alphabet. We prove lower bounds for the Abelian repetition threshold for large alphabets and all definitions of Abelian fractional power. We develop a method estimating the exponential growth rate of Abelian-power-free languages. Using this method, we get non-trivial lower bounds for Abelian repetition threshold for small alphabets. We suggest that some of the obtained bounds are the exact values of Abelian repetition threshold. In addition, we provide upper bounds for the growth rates of some particular Abelian-power-free languages.

The fixed point submonoid of an endomorphism of a free product of a free monoid and cyclic groups is proved to be rational using automata-theoretic techniques. Maslakova’s result on the computability of the fixed point subgroup of a free group automorphism is generalized to endomorphisms of free products of a free monoid and a free group which are automorphisms of the maximal subgroup.

The (−β)-integers are natural generalisations of the β-integers, and thus of the integers, for negative real bases. When β is the analogue of a Parry number, we describe the structure of the set of (−β)-integers by a fixed point of an anti-morphism.