This preliminary communication draws attention to a condition that may adversely affect psychiatric personnel, and to some of its determinants. Personnel working in institutions where meetings are a major occupational activity appear especially at risk. The condition is a pathological response to groups or collections of colleagues met together in circles for professional purposes. Idealization of these groups and their activities leads to a craving to join them and to dependency once membership is achieved; less often rejection symptoms arise.

Evidences suggest that the predisposed individual can develop dependence to various tranquillizers even to the extent of physical dependence similar to that seen with the barbiturates. Dependence can develop to benzodiazepine derivatives, and cases have been reported mainly for chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and oxazepam. These drugs can also produce withdrawal reactions (Hollister et al., 1963; Barten, 1965; Krypsin-Exner, 1966; Bakewell and Wikler, 1966; Essing, 1966; Gordon, 1967; Ewing and Bakewell, 1967; Hanna, 1972).

Evidence continues to accumulate for the proposition that lithium salts have a marked prophylactic effect on recurrent affective disorders. An earlier paper (1), together with reports from Baastrup et al. (2) and Coppen et al. (3) indicate that this effect is a strong one. This paper reports the current position regarding a trial in one centre which has been in progress for eight years, in which the effect of lithium was investigated on the frequency of admission to and time spent in psychiatric hospitals.

One of the problems with the administration of unilateral ECT is to select the correct side for giving the treatment. If it is given routinely to the right side of the head, a proportion of patients will receive ECT to the dominant hemisphere, which is more unpleasant for the patient and more disruptive of memory than even bilateral ECT (Halliday et al., 1968; Fleminger, Horne and Nott, 1970).

Lithium was given to eight aggressive, non-manic-depressive female defectives in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. The group as a whole showed a reduction in aggression scores while on lithium (p < 0.01): three patients became less aggressive, one became worse and two were unchanged. Both affective and predatory aggression seemed to be reduced. Two patients had to be withdrawn from the trial at an early stage because of the development of neurotoxicity.

R.B.C./plasma lithium ratios showed a wide inter-patient variation in this group of non-manic-depressives.

The study adds further weight to evidence that lithium has an antiaggressive effect at normal therapeutic dosage in non-manic-depressives. The implications of this for hypotheses about the mode of action of lithium and its putative specificity for manic-depressive psychosis are discussed.

There is a general agreement about the less disruptive effect on memory and the shorter post-treatment confusion after unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (UNI-ECT) as compared with the traditional bifrontotemporal ECT (BI-ECT). However, there are divergent opinions about its therapeutic efficacy.

A technique of psychotherapy seemingly compatible with psychoanalytical knowledge is described, and compared and contrasted with psychoanalysis. Its mode of action, efficacy, advantages and difficulties, and its suitability for once-a-week individual or group psychotherapy and therefore for Health Service use is discussed.