Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T15:36:13.328Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Beyond stereotypes: Prejudice as an important missing force explaining group disparities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 May 2022

Iniobong Essien
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen, 58097Hagen, Germanyiniobong.essien@leuphana.dehttps://www.leuphana.de/en/institutes/ifsp/team/iniobong-essien.htmlmarleen.stelter@fernuni-hagen.dehttps://www.fernuni-hagen.de/psychologische-methodenlehre/team/marleen.stelter.shtmlanette.rohmann@fernuni-hagen.dehttps://www.fernuni-hagen.de/community-psychology/team/ Department of Social and Organisational Psychology of Social Work, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, 21335Lüneburg, Germany
Marleen Stelter
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen, 58097Hagen, Germanyiniobong.essien@leuphana.dehttps://www.leuphana.de/en/institutes/ifsp/team/iniobong-essien.htmlmarleen.stelter@fernuni-hagen.dehttps://www.fernuni-hagen.de/psychologische-methodenlehre/team/marleen.stelter.shtmlanette.rohmann@fernuni-hagen.dehttps://www.fernuni-hagen.de/community-psychology/team/ Department of Social Psychology, Universität Hamburg, 20146Hamburg, Germany. juliane.degner@uni-hamburg.dehttps://www.psy.uni-hamburg.de/arbeitsbereiche/sozialpsychologie
Anette Rohmann
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen, 58097Hagen, Germanyiniobong.essien@leuphana.dehttps://www.leuphana.de/en/institutes/ifsp/team/iniobong-essien.htmlmarleen.stelter@fernuni-hagen.dehttps://www.fernuni-hagen.de/psychologische-methodenlehre/team/marleen.stelter.shtmlanette.rohmann@fernuni-hagen.dehttps://www.fernuni-hagen.de/community-psychology/team/
Juliane Degner
Affiliation:
Department of Social Psychology, Universität Hamburg, 20146Hamburg, Germany. juliane.degner@uni-hamburg.dehttps://www.psy.uni-hamburg.de/arbeitsbereiche/sozialpsychologie

Abstract

We comment on Cesario's assertion that social psychological intergroup research focuses solely on stereotypes, neglecting actual differences between groups to explain group disparities. This reasoning, however, misses yet another explaining force: In addition to stereotypes, ample laboratory and field research documents relationships between group disparities, discrimination, and prejudice, which cannot be explained by people's accurate judgments of real-world group differences.

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amodio, D. M., & Devine, P. G. (2006). Stereotyping and evaluation in implicit race bias: Evidence for independent constructs and unique effects on behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91:652661, https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brewer, M. B. (1999). The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love and outgroup hate? Journal of Social Issues 55:429444, https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brigham, J. C. (1971). Ethnic stereotypes. Psychological Bulletin 76:1538, https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, C., Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., & Payne, B. (2012). Sequential priming measures of implicit social cognition: A meta-analysis of associations with behavior and explicit attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Review 16:330350, https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868312440047.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dasgupta, N., & Stout, J. G. (2012). Contemporary discrimination in the lab and field: Benefits and obstacles of full-cycle social psychology. Journal of Social Issues 68:399412, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2012.01754.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, J., Levine, M., Reicher, S., & Durrheim, K. (2012). Beyond prejudice: Are negative evaluations the problem and is getting us to like one another more the solution? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35:411425, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X12001550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.Google Scholar
Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobstrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69:10131027, https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin 132:692731, https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenwald, A. G., & Pettigrew, T. F. (2014). With malice toward none and charity for some: Ingroup favoritism enables discrimination. American Psychologist 69:669684, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036056.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the implicit association test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97, 17–41.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0015575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haddock, G., Zanna, M. P., & Esses, V. M. (1993). Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes: The case of attitudes toward homosexuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65:11051118, https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.6.1105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haslam, N., & Loughnan, S. (2014). Dehumanization and infrahumanization. Annual Review of Psychology 65:399423, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115045.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hehman, E., Flake, J. K., & Calanchini, J. (2018). Disproportionate use of lethal force in policing is associated with regional racial biases of residents. Social Psychological and Personality Science 9:393401, https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617711229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, L. A., Hodge, C. N., Gerard, D. A., Ingram, J. M., Ervin, K. S., & Sheppard, L. A. (1996). Cognition, affect, and behavior in the prediction of group attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22:306316, https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296223009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurdi, B., Mann, T. C., Charlesworth, T. E. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2019a). The relationship between implicit intergroup attitudes and beliefs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116:58625871, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820240116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, K. P., Sabat, I. E., King, E. B., Ahmad, A., McCausland, T. C., & Chen, T. (2017). Isms and schisms: A meta-analysis of the prejudice-discrimination relationship across racism, sexism, and ageism. Journal of Organizational Behavior 38(7), 10761110. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurdi, B., Seitchik, A. E., Axt, J., Carroll, T., Karapetyan, A., Kaushik, N., … Banaji, M. R. (2019b). Relationship between the implicit association test and intergroup behavior: A meta-analysis. American Psychologist 74:569586, https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leitner, J. B., Hehman, E., Ayduk, O., & Mendoza-Denton, R. (2016). Blacks’ death rate due to circulatory diseases is positively related to Whites’ explicit racial bias: A nationwide investigation using project implicit. Psychological Science 27:12991311, https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616658450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mortensen, C. R., & Cialdini, R. B. (2010). Full-cycle social psychology for theory and application. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 4:5363, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00239.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orchard, J., & Price, J. (2017). County-level racial prejudice and the black-white gap in infant health outcomes. Social Science & Medicine 181:191198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.036.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oswald, F. L., Mitchell, G., Blanton, H., Jaccard, J., & Tetlock, P. E. (2013). Predicting ethnic and racial discrimination: A meta-analysis of IAT criterion studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 105:171192, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Payne, B. K., Vuletich, H. A., & Lundberg, K. B. (2017). The bias of crowds: How implicit bias bridges personal and systemic prejudice. Psychological Inquiry 28:233248, https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2017.1335568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phills, C. E., Hahn, A., & Gawronski, B. (2020). The bidirectional causal relation between implicit stereotypes and implicit prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46:13181330, https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167219899234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riddle, T., & Sinclair, S. (2019). Racial disparities in school-based disciplinary actions are associated with county-level rates of racial bias. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116:82558260, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1808307116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stangor, C., Sullivan, L. A., & Ford, T. E. (1991). Affective and cognitive determinants of prejudice. Social Cognition 9:359380, https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1991.9.4.359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stelter, M., Essien, I., Sander, C., & Degner, J. (2022). Racial bias in police traffic stops: White residents' county-level prejudice and stereotypes are related to disproportionate stopping of Black drivers. Psychological Science, 33(4), 483496, https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976211051272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talaska, C. A., Fiske, S. T., & Chaiken, S. (2008). Legitimating racial discrimination: Emotions, not beliefs, best predict discrimination in a meta-analysis. Social Justice Research 21:263396, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-008-0071-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wessells, M., & Dawes, A. (2006). Macro-level interventions: Psychology, social policy, and societal influence processes. In: Toward a global psychology eds. Stevens, M. J. & Gielen, U. P., pp. 267298. Psychology Press.Google Scholar