An overview of testing and measurement in North America is provided, covering topics related to privacy laws and regulations, online proctoring, artificial intelligence, accommodations, accessibility, and the “opt out of testing” movement that are currently defining measurement in North America. This is not to say that these challenges are unique to North America; in fact, the challenges related to these topics are being faced all over the world in varying degrees and the same opportunities exist, but these topics are of particular importance when it comes to measurement and assessment in North America. Building on these observations, a discussion of how advances in technology and computing power provide an opportunity to challenge the status quo related to assessment; these advancements will allow assessment of skills in more authentic ways that will provide better insight into someone’s knowledge, skills, and abilities. The question we should be asking and attempting to answer is “How can assessment developers leverage the power of the cloud and technology to measure skills more accurately and create higher fidelity in the assessment process?”

The everyday work of a manuscript editor who works independently is variously styled as:

• intellectual labour

• highly skilled work

• technical or craft work

• support for creators or publishers

• piecemeal, gig or cottage industry work

• contracting or labour hire, consulting or supply of communication services.

The mere mention of the term “plagiarism” can strike fear into the heart of an academic editor; likewise “attribution” and “citation”. Editors of fiction and poetry can take no great comfort, either: our Nemesis might be found in the subgenre fan fiction and the saying that “imitation is the sincerest form of flattery”.

So, what exactly is literary appropriation, and what is its relationship to plagiarism?

Important definitions for a professional editor and writer: audience, work/s, authenticity, sensitivity, diversity, accessibility, inclusivity, editorial judgement

There are many definitions of what might constitute literary appropriation. On the side of generosity and openness is the idea of using a well-known literary work as inspiration for a reworking, or re-imagining, so as to offer a new or extended perspective or meaning. An intellectual or scholarly approach might be to explore intertextuality or commentary, whereby elements of one work are explicitly or implicitly referenced in another. A more critical interpretation might be that of a hostile takeover of minoritised languages and cultures in post-colonial societies. This section explores some interpretations of literary appropriation.

If there is to be a singular conclusion to this book, it is that we live in increasingly uncertain times and thus, as editors, it behoves us to embrace uncertainty in all aspects of our work – or, at least, to learn to live with it. Embracing uncertainty in the professional context can be empowering: it enables us to be flexible and open to new ideas, to new ways of thinking and doing things, to be innovative. Learning to live with uncertainty can also help to build our personal resilience. If the concept of resilience appears to be an overused cliché, that is understandable because it is increasing in importance to life as we know it in the 21st century.

How might we go about reading and assessing the worthiness of manuscript or published work?

Commentators have long responded to accusations that Shakespeare’s portrayal of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice was anti-Semitic. Nabokov’s Lolita, considered by some critics to be one of the best works of the 20th century, is also described as an erotic novel advocating paedophilia. Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale is considered both a warning about the dangers of encroaching religious and patriarchal fundamentalism, and a depiction of feminism as a new form of misogyny.

In your view, do these books represent literary value? Why, or why not?

Writers have a responsibility to reflect the standards of the society in which they are creating their works and earning their living. They have the good fortune of being able to “speak” directly to their readers, and thereby to inform and educate them (however subtly that might occur), as well as to entertain and inspire.

The people they write about in non-fiction works and the characters they create in works of fiction represent real people in society in one way or another: good, bad, mediocre or indifferent, or a mixture of some or all of those qualities.

As humans we all deserve to be depicted as we are and as we choose to be identified: authentically and respectfully, and not as caricatures or stereotypes. The considerable body of published research and other literature illustrates just how harmful stereotypes can be. For example, negative racial stereotypes, including internalised racism, have been directly associated with actual harm to people’s economic/material, physical, intellectual, emotional and spiritual wellbeing.

The most important thing you can do to support your professional and personal wellbeing is to cultivate personal awareness and to understand what support you need. This chapter introduces methods and approaches you can use to help maintain a happy balance between a busy and fulfilling professional life and personal health and wellbeing.

In large and medium-sized organisations, workplace policies are usually developed by executive boards or human resources committees and are implemented by managers; commonly known as a “top-down approach”. As already stated, many of the concepts and practices covered in this guide are new or in development, so editorial staff have an important role to play in influencing policy discussions and development, perhaps even implementation.

Small businesses, community organisations and not-for-profits may not have a written policy but there may be practices of employing or contracting paid and/or volunteer workers that result in a diverse and inclusive workforce, to a greater or lesser extent.

In contrast, to policies, style guides are very much the domain of editorial staff and freelancers or consultants who work on print and digital content. Editors and proofreaders, for example, must keep up to date with word choices, usages and other trends in the literature (books and journals) as well as in society more broadly (news, commentary and the arts). An advantage of this “bottom-up” approach is that editors can provide on-the-ground intelligence in real time, and this enables house styles to reflect readers’ perspectives and practices.

In 2016, the Australian literary world was abuzz with rage when celebrated writer Yassmin Abdel-Magied walked out of the opening keynote address to the Brisbane Writers Festival. The speech was being delivered by Orange Prize-winner Lionel Shriver, American activist and author of such works as We Need to Talk About Kevin (2003) and The Mandibles (2016).

Abdel-Magied, Queensland”s Australian of the Year in 2015, in an article for The Guardian, described the speech as “a poisoned package wrapped up in arrogance and delivered with condescension“, because Shriver”s speech, “was a monologue about the right to exploit the stories of “others”, simply because it is useful for one”s story [book].”

This, in essence, is how the topic of cultural appropriation – or, rather, misappropriation – came to mainstream attention in Australia, but of course it had been a bone of contention for many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander writers and writers of colour for decades.

As many might have anticipated, the Australian Publishing Industry Workforce Survey on Diversity and Inclusion (API Survey) found the publishing industry in Australia “is largely white, including a high percentage who identify as British. Fewer than 1% of publishing professionals are First Nations Australians … [t]he workforce is concentrated in Sydney and Melbourne, skews young and female, especially at the lower levels, and is more likely than the general population to be privately educated and to have a postgraduate degree… [and there is] high LGBTQ+ representation”. In introducing the study, Bowen and Driscoll note that while they are not surprising, these findings signal that “the potential for change is now evident: the data provides the insights necessary for targeted redress initiatives”. Future iterations of the survey will be important in measuring the impact of such redress.

This chapter has two purposes. First, it outlines the problems of and methods for finding the popular voice in our evidence from Roman antiquity. Utilising James C. Scott’s paradigm of hidden transcripts, this chapter argues that wider perceptions of the Roman emperor can be excavated from a wide-range of different material. Second, the chapter explores the history and historiography of the Roman emperor and how the power of the Roman emperor has been described and understood in antiquity and beyond.

In Stage 3 of its review the Court has to examine if the contested interference can be held to be justified by objective and convincing reasons. One of the requirements for a restriction to be justifiable is the lawfulness requirement. The requirement has been given an autonomous and substantive reading by the Court, which entails that a restriction must have a basis in domestic law, the legal basis must be sufficiently accessible, the interference must be sufficiently foreseeable, and it must not be arbitrary. In addition, in particular in cases regarding surveillance, searches and the exercise of other discretionary powers, the Court has required that procedural safeguards must be offered. All these requirements are discussed in this chapter.