Informal borrowings can be divided into three main thematic types: core, culture-specific, and miscellaneous. The core themes, shared with those in general informal language, make up the majority of borrowings and include such themes as evaluative categorization, the human body, sex, and intoxication. The culture-specific themes, inherent to immigrants and minorities, include borrowings connected with minority experiences but also racial discrimination and geography viewed from their perspective. The miscellaneous themes, constituting an all-inclusive collection, include as many as 150 themes grouped under several superordinate divisions. Their diversity and size illustrates the thematic scope of informal borrowings and demonstrates that they are not a marginal part of lexicon but can be used to refer to numerous aspects of human experience.

The key to parallel programming is sharing a task between many cooperating threads running in parallel. A chart is presented showing how since 2003 the Moore’s law growth in computing performance has depended on parallel computing. This chapter includes a simple introductory CUDA example which performs numerical integration using 1000 000 000 threads. Using CUDA gives a speed-up of about 1000 compared to a single CPU thread. Key CUDA concepts including thread blocks, thread grids and warps are introduced. The hardware differences between conventional CPU architectures and GPUs are then discussed. Optimisations in memory caching on GPUs are also explained as memory access time is often a key performance constraint for many programs. The use of OpenMP to share a single task across all cores of a multicore CPU is also discussed.

The key to parallel programming is sharing a task between many cooperating threads running in parallel. A chart is presented showing how since 2003 the Moore’s law growth in computing performance has depended on parallel computing. This chapter includes a simple introductory CUDA example which performs numerical integration using 1000 000 000 threads. Using CUDA gives a speed-up of about 1000 compared to a single CPU thread. Key CUDA concepts including thread blocks, thread grids and warps are introduced. The hardware differences between conventional CPU architectures and GPUs are then discussed. Optimisations in memory caching on GPUs are also explained as memory access time is often a key performance constraint for many programs. The use of OpenMP to share a single task across all cores of a multicore CPU is also discussed.

As the Republican Party narrowed and weakened in the late 20t century, it became home to a succession of conservative movements which largely defeated the party’s moderate wing, lent it a more ideological coloration, and initiated the sharp polarization in American politics that lasted into the early 21st century.

The chapter surveys the literature and approaches that deal with the economics and politics of managing internationally shared water resources (aka transboundary water). Principles that are relevant to the analysis of management of shared international water are discussed and demonstrated. One aspect that is unique to international water is the use of agreements between all or part of the riparian states that share the basin. The chapter introduces several means by which cooperation among the riparian states is defined and calculated, using the information embedded in the treaties that they signed. The chapter provides also an example, applied to the case of the Blue Nile Basin, of the effect of using certain allocation methods on the welfare of the river basin riparian states, Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt, and its effects on the stability of their allocation agreement.

The chapter presents the specific art approach to HCI research, including an illustration from the literature. The latter claims that empirical investigations of videogame play and videogame engagement are often delimited along demographic or genre lines. In contrast, the illustration proposes a theory of players engaging with games, if they can find a sense of net personal cultural value.The chapter then presents the specific art framework for HCI research, comprising art as discipline, general problem, particular scope, research, knowledge and practices. The specific art framework is followed by the art design research exemplar, as the art design cycle and the art design research cycle. The lower-level art framework comprises the art application, the art interactive system, and the art interactive system performance. Both the exemplar and the lower-level framework are applied to the same illustration of the art approach taken from the literature, which proposes a theory of players engaging with games, if they can find a sense of net personal cultural value.

The chapter presents the specific engineering approach to HCI research, including an illustration from the literature. The latter advances contrasting views of engineering as the servant of design, which identifies user needs outside its process and as HCI comprising iterative software development life cycles.The chapter then presents the specific engineering framework for HCI research comprising engineering as discipline, general problem, particular scope, research, knowledge and practices. The specific engineering framework is followed by the engineering design research exemplar as the engineering design cycle and the engineering design research cycle. The lower-level engineering framework comprises the engineering application, the engineering interactive system, and the engineering interactive system performance. Both the exemplar and the lower-level framework are applied to the same illustration of the engineering approach taken from the literature, which contrasts engineering as the servant of design and as HCI comprising iterative software development life cycles.

The chapter presents the specific innovation approach to HCI research, including an illustration from the literature. The latter proposes how novel, emerging smell technology might be applied to develop smell-enhanced human–computer interactions. It then presents the specific innovation framework for HCI research, comprising innovation as discipline, general problem, particular scope, research, knowledge and practices. The specific innovation framework is followed by the innovation design research exemplar, as the innovation design cycle and the innovation design research cycle. The lower-level innovation framework comprises the innovation application, the innovation interactive system, and the innovation interactive system performance. Both the exemplar and the lower-level framework are applied to the same illustration of the innovation approach taken from the literature, which proposes how novel, emerging smell technology might be applied to develop smell-enhanced human–computer interactions.

The chapter presents the specific craft approach to HCI research, including an illustration from the literature. The latter reports four phases of a design and research project to develop a location-mapping mobile application for breastfeeding women. It then presents the specific craft framework for HCI research, comprising craft as discipline, general problem, particular scope, research, knowledge and practices. The specific craft framework is followed by the craft design research exemplar, as the craft research and design cycle.The lower-level craft framework comprises the craft application, the craft interactive system, and the craft interactive system performance. Both the exemplar and the lower-level framework are applied to the same illustration of the craft approach taken from the literature reporting the development of a location-mapping mobile application for breastfeeding women.

The chapter presents the specific applied approach to HCI research, including an illustration from the literature. The latter explores interspecies sense-making in the context of dog-tracking and in the light of multi-species ethnography. The chapter presents the specific applied framework for HCI research comprising applied as discipline, general problem, particular scope, research, knowledge and practices. The specific applied framework is followed by the applied design research exemplar, as the applied design cycle and the applied design research cycle. The lower-level applied framework comprises the applied application, the applied interactive system, and the applied interactive system performance. Both the exemplar and the lower-level framework are applied to the same illustration of the applied approach taken from the literature, which explores interspecies sense-making in the context of dog-tracking and in the light of multi-species ethnography.

The chapter presents the science approach to HCI research, including an illustration from the literature. The latter presents the case for developing new forms of psychology deep theory, based on generic systems of interactors. The chapter then presents the specific science framework for HCI research comprising science as discipline, general problem, particular scope, research, knowledge and practices. The specific science framework is followed by the science design research exemplar, as the science design cycle, the applied design research cycle and the science design research cycle. The lower-level science framework comprises the science application, the science interactive system, and the science interactive system performance. Both the exemplar and the lower-level framework are applied to the same illustration of the science approach, taken from the literature, which presents the case for developing new forms of psychology deep theory, based on generic systems of interactors.

This chapter studies the properties of environmental externality from general equilibrium perspective in the four basic models --- SEEE, SEEN, DEEE, and DEEN models. The chapter establishes the key results of environmental externality provision. They are the triangular equivalence relationship among the Lindahl equilibrium without transfer, the Nash bargaining solution with the payoffs of Cournot-Nash equilibrium as the status quo point, and the social optimum under the Lindahl weights. In this framework, the mapping of efficient solutions of the models and the simplex of social welfare weights plays a critical role. To facilitate the application of these results in empirical research, we provide analytical and numerical examples to validate these results as well as the algorithmic approach to solve the solution concepts derived from the key results. In contrast to the Lindahl equilibrium, we also critically assess the popular Benthamite and Negishi solutions of environmental externality provisions as well as transfer issues. In the appendix, we offer the programming codes in GAMS language for the numerical example.

World-systems analysis is a holistic and critical social science approach that proposes the study of social change focusing on whole systemic human interaction networks. The general theoretical approach is based on institutional materialism that is inspired by classical sociology and anthropology (Chase-Dunn and Lerro 2016). The world-system perspective emerged in the 1960s and 1970s to explicate the nature of the core–periphery hierarchy over the last five centuries.