The incidence of cancer during gestation has risen due to multiple factors such as advanced maternal age and improvement in cancer treatment, which has resulted in longer life span and a rising number of survivors who will then become pregnant. Whether a woman is diagnosed with cancer during pregnancy or becomes pregnant after surviving the disease, navigating treatment for both the mother and the fetus can seem daunting for patients as well as their care providers, as there is a higher risk of morbidity for these patients. This chapter aims to describe safe diagnostic and therapeutic options during pregnancy and includes special considerations regarding survivors’ treatment. Breast cancer, lymphoma, leukemia and cervical cancer are the focus of the chapter and obstetric management of patients with these malignancies is addressed, including antenatal care, delivery considerations and breastfeeding.

Improvements in multimodality treatment of anal and colorectal cancer has led to increased numbers of women survivors who experience gynecologic problems in long-term survivorship. The etiology of gynecologic problems after anal and colorectal cancer treatment is complex and multifactorial. Pelvic radiation, surgery and chemotherapy can all cause anatomic, hormonal and psychological changes. Consideration of preventative measures can ideally reduce the risk of vaginal stenosis, dyspareunia, sexual dysfunction, infertility, premature menopause and pelvic pain after therapy. Proactive screening and appropriate treatment of cancer therapy late effects can improve patients’ quality of life during survivorship.

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a heterogeneous diagnosis caused by a multitude of factors including genetic, autoimmune, iatrogenic, social, and environmental. It is defined as loss of ovarian function prior to 40 years of age with subsequent secondary amenorrhea for at least 4−6 months in conjunction with elevated follicle stimulating hormone levels on two different measurements. Prompt recognition of symptoms should encourage thorough history-taking and work-up, as some causes of POI are associated with conditions requiring additional screening or medical management. Early initiation of hormone replacement therapy is necessary to prevent long-term sequelae from chronic hypoestrogenism such as cardiovascular events, poor bone health, and cognitive dysfunction. Extensive counseling with regards to future fertility and family building options is necessary as the diagnosis of POI can be psychologically devastating to many women.

Presents snowmelt, discussing energy flux, physical propertirs of snow, metamorphism of snowpack, rate of snowmelt, energy exchange mechanisms, turbulent convection, snowmwlt runoff generation, and snow-covered areas.

It can be painful to witness the toll of cervical cancer on women offered next-to-no treatment options. Persons with cervixes who acquire the disease in places like Africa or Southeast Asia often experience a brutal life trajectory. In the absence of highly trained professionals, sophisticated medical facilities, and expensive surgical or radiation equipment, most cervical cancer patients in lower-income countries are sent home to die. These deaths can be protracted and lonely, with little access to palliative care. What’s more, the stigma of the disease – associated with “dirty” female reproductive organs and the smell of advanced cancer – can lead to social banishment in a sufferer’s final days. In higher-income countries, greater availability of treatment is still no guarantee of equity. Low-income patients in the United States are often cut off from insurance once cancer goes into remission, excluding them from critical follow-up. Pockets of inequity, the rural–urban divide, and inconsistent access to care mean women from affluent countries die inexcusably from a preventable cancer. The inhumane circumstances cervical cancer sufferers face worldwide remind us of this mission’s urgency.

Every year, more than 600,000 persons with cervixes end up with cervical cancer. Without treatment, these people will die. And yet, treatment for cervical cancer remains is scarce enough in lower-income countries to typically make a cervical cancer diagnosis a terminal one. Women who can’t afford to travel for their treatment are left to die painful, lonely deaths, stigmatized, and with next-to-no palliative care. In higher-income countries, surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, as well as immunotherapy can prolong or even save lives. But these treatments can be arduous and even torturous, with life-altering consequences, such as loss of fertility and physical disfigurement, along with chronic or debilitating health conditions and radical lifestyle changes. In affluent regions, treatment is often seen as a last-ditch option, while marginalized women around the globe consider it a luxury. Cervical cancer prevention is the most cost-effective, sustainable, and humane approach toward eliminating the disease. But until treatment can be offered equitably alongside prevention, thousands more will suffer and die.

Provides an overview of the categories of cancer treatment modalities consisting of chemotherapy, stem cell transplant, hormone, immunotherapy, radiation, targeted cell therapy

Provides an overview of the categories of cancer treatment modalities consisting of chemotherapy, stem cell transplant, hormone, immunotherapy, radiation, targeted cell therapy

Provides an overview of the categories of cancer treatment modalities consisting of chemotherapy, stem cell transplant, hormone, immunotherapy, radiation, targeted cell therapy

Provides an overview of the categories of cancer treatment modalities consisting of chemotherapy, stem cell transplant, hormone, immunotherapy, radiation, targeted cell therapy

Provides an overview of the categories of cancer treatment modalities consisting of chemotherapy, stem cell transplant, hormone, immunotherapy, radiation, targeted cell therapy

Provides an overview of the categories of cancer treatment modalities consisting of chemotherapy, stem cell transplant, hormone, immunotherapy, radiation, targeted cell therapy