Previous research on the changes in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in anorexia nervosa (AN) has been limited by an insufficient sample size, which reduced the reliability of the results and made it difficult to set the whole brain as regions of interest (ROIs).

We analyzed functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 114 female AN patients and 135 healthy controls (HC) and obtained self-reported psychological scales, including eating disorder examination questionnaire 6.0. One hundred sixty-four cortical, subcortical, cerebellar, and network parcellation regions were considered as ROIs. We calculated the ROI-to-ROI rsFCs and performed group comparisons.

Compared to HC, AN patients showed 12 stronger rsFCs mainly in regions containing dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and 33 weaker rsFCs primarily in regions containing cerebellum, within temporal lobe, between posterior fusiform cortex and lateral part of visual network, and between anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and thalamus (p < 0.01, false discovery rate [FDR] correction). Comparisons between AN subtypes showed that there were stronger rsFCs between right lingual gyrus and right supracalcarine cortex and between left temporal occipital fusiform cortex and medial part of visual network in the restricting type compared to the binge/purging type (p < 0.01, FDR correction).

Stronger rsFCs in regions containing mainly DLPFC, and weaker rsFCs in regions containing primarily cerebellum, within temporal lobe, between posterior fusiform cortex and lateral part of visual network, and between ACC and thalamus, may represent categorical diagnostic markers discriminating AN patients from HC.

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a neuropsychiatric disorder with strong genetic heritability and predicted genetic heterogeneity, but limited knowledge regarding the underlying genetic risk variants. Classification into phenotype-driven subgroups or endophenotypes is expected to facilitate genetic analysis. Here, we report a teen boy with chronic psychosis and cerebellar hypoplasia (CBLH) and analyze data on 16 reported individuals with SCZ or chronic psychosis not otherwise specified associated with cerebellar hypoplasia to look for shared features.

We evaluated an 18-year-old boy with neurodevelopmental deficits from early childhood and onset of hallucinations and other features of SCZ at 10 years who had mild vermis-predominant CBLH on brain imaging. This prompted us to review prior reports of chronic psychosis or SCZ with cerebellar malformations using paired search terms including (1) cerebellar hypoplasia, Dandy-Walker malformation, Dandy-Walker variant, or mega-cisterna magna with (2) psychosis or SCZ. We found reports of 16 affected individuals from 13 reports. We reviewed clinical features focusing on demographic information, prenatal-perinatal history and neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental phenotypes, and independently reviewed brain imaging features.

All 17 individuals had classic psychiatric features of SCZ or chronic psychosis as well as shared neurodevelopmental features not previously highlighted including a downward shift in IQ of about 20 points, memory impairment, speech-language deficits, attention deficits and sleep disturbances. The brain imaging findings among these individuals consistently showed posterior vermis predominant CBLH with variable cerebellar hemisphere hypoplasia and enlarged posterior fossa (a.k.a. mega-cisterna magna). None had features of classic DWM.

In 17 individuals with chronic psychosis or SCZ and cerebellar malformation, we found a high frequency of neurodevelopmental disorders, a consistent brain malformation consisting of posterior vermis-predominant (and usually symmetric) CBLH, and no evidence of prenatal risk factors. The consistent phenotype and lack of prenatal risk factors for CBLH leads us to hypothesize that psychosis or schizophrenia associated with vermis predominant CBLH comprises a homogeneous subgroup of individuals with chronic psychosis/schizophrenia that is likely to have an underlying genetic basis. No comprehensive targeted gene panel for CBLH has yet been defined, leading us to recommend trio-based exome sequencing for individuals who present with this combination of features.

Social cognition refers to processing, analyzing and understanding information about emotions and social situations. Many studies indicate a frequent deficit of these functions in people with tumors of the cerebellum. Visual search is an important attention process prior to information processing. It also mediates the relationship between cognitive function (attention) and social cognition. There are numerous data showing that disorders of various aspects of attention are fairly common in patients with tumors of the cerebellum. The question arises whether there is any relationship between these functions. The purpose of this study was to find out if there is a relationship between visual search performance and the ability to recognize emotions.

The study included 19 patients with the cerebello-pontine angle (CPA) tumors (mean age = 38.84, SD = 14.27; 10 women and 9 men) and 19 healthy controls (mean age 38.26, SD = 10.40; 10 women and 9 men). The research group consisted of patients from the Department of Neurosurgery, UCK Medical University of Warsaw, the control group was healthy. The groups did not differ demographically. At the beginning, the respondents completed a questionnaire in which they were asked about demographic data and health status. Then, a series of 40 boards presenting the letters T in two colors, blue and orange, scattered in different planes was presented. The letters were right or upside down. The test person’s task was to find and click the correctly positioned orange T letter as quickly as possible. Then, a series of 56 photos of faces representing seven different emotions was presented (happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear and a neutral face). The test person’s task was to decide which of the emotions mentioned under the photo were presented by the presented face.

The results indicated that patients with tumors in the CPA area had a longer mean reaction time and lower accuracy when performing visual searches than subjects from the control group. Likewise, there were longer times and lower accuracy in the emotional recognition task. Moreover, in the group of patients with CPA tumor, the response time during visual search was negatively associated with the correctness of the response in visual search (p = -0.57, p <0.05). There were also negative correlations between the reaction time and the correctness of recognizing particular emotional states: anger (p = -0.48, p <0.05), disgust (p = -0.62, p <0.01) and neutral (p = -0.64, p <0.01). The correctness of answers in visual search correlated positively with the accuracy of emotion recognition (p = 0.72, p <0.01). None of the above-mentioned relationships were found in the control group.

The obtained results indicate a relationship between the quality of visual attention and the ability to recognize emotions in people with cerebellar lesions. In order to better understand this phenomenon, it is necessary to continue research in this field.

Abnormal reward functioning is central to anhedonia and amotivation symptoms of schizophrenia (SCZ). Reward processing encompasses a series of psychological components. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the brain dysfunction related to reward processing of individuals with SCZ spectrum disorders and risks, covering multiple reward components.

After a systematic literature search, 37 neuroimaging studies were identified and divided into four groups based on their target psychology components (i.e. reward anticipation, reward consumption, reward learning, effort computation). Whole-brain Seed-based d Mapping (SDM) meta-analyses were conducted for all included studies and each component.

The meta-analysis for all reward-related studies revealed reduced functional activation across the SCZ spectrum in the striatum, orbital frontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and cerebellar areas. Meanwhile, distinct abnormal patterns were found for reward anticipation (decreased activation of the cingulate cortex and striatum), reward consumption (decreased activation of cerebellum IV/V areas, insula and inferior frontal gyri), and reward learning processing (decreased activation of the striatum, thalamus, cerebellar Crus I, cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and parietal and occipital areas). Lastly, our qualitative review suggested that decreased activation of the ventral striatum and anterior cingulate cortex was also involved in effort computation.

These results provide deep insights on the component-based neuro-psychopathological mechanisms for anhedonia and amotivation symptoms of the SCZ spectrum.

Understanding deviations from typical brain development is a promising approach to comprehend pathophysiology in childhood and adolescence. We investigated if cerebellar volumes different than expected for age and sex could predict psychopathology, executive functions and academic achievement.

Children and adolescents aged 6–17 years from the Brazilian High-Risk Cohort Study for Mental Conditions had their cerebellar volume estimated using Multiple Automatically Generated Templates from T1-weighted images at baseline (n = 677) and at 3-year follow-up (n = 447). Outcomes were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist and standardized measures of executive functions and school achievement. Models of typically developing cerebellum were based on a subsample not exposed to risk factors and without mental-health conditions (n = 216). Deviations from this model were constructed for the remaining individuals (n = 461) and standardized variation from age and sex trajectory model was used to predict outcomes in cross-sectional, longitudinal and mediation analyses.

Cerebellar volumes higher than expected for age and sex were associated with lower externalizing specific factor and higher executive functions. In a longitudinal analysis, deviations from typical development at baseline predicted inhibitory control at follow-up, and cerebellar deviation changes from baseline to follow-up predicted changes in reading and writing abilities. The association between deviations in cerebellar volume and academic achievement was mediated by inhibitory control.

Deviations in the cerebellar typical development are associated with outcomes in youth that have long-lasting consequences. This study highlights both the potential of typical developing models and the important role of the cerebellum in mental health, cognition and education.

Despite decades of brain MRI research demonstrating atypical neuroanatomical substrate in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it remains unclear whether and to what extent disorder-selective neuroanatomical abnormalities occur in this spectrum. This, and the fact that multiple brain disorders report a common neuroanatomical substrate, makes transference and the application of neuroimaging findings into the clinical setting an open challenge.

To investigate the selective neuroanatomical alteration profile of the ASD brain, we employed a meta-analytic, data-driven, and reverse inference-based approach (i.e.; Bayes fACtor mOdeliNg).

Eligible voxel-based morphometry data were extracted by a standardized search on BrainMap and MEDLINE databases (849 published experiments, 131 brain disorders, 22747 clinical subjects, 16572 x-y-z coordinates). Two distinct datasets were generated: the ASD dataset, composed of ASD-related data; and the non-ASD dataset, composed of all other clinical conditions data. Starting from the two unthresholded activation likelihood estimation (ALE) maps, the calculus of the Bayes fACtor mOdeliNg was performed. This allowed us to obtain posterior probability distributions on the evidence of brain alteration specificity in ASD.

We revealed both cortical and cerebellar areas of neuroanatomical alteration selectivity in ASD. Eight clusters showed a selectivity value ≥ 90%, namely the bilateral precuneus, the right inferior occipital gyrus, left lobule IX, left Crus II, right Crus I, and the right lobule VIIIA (Fig. 1).

The identification of this neuroanatomical pattern provides new insights into the complex pathophysiology of ASD, opening attractive prospects for future neuroimaging-based interventions.

No significant relationships.

The cerebellum is often overlooked when evaluating neuropsychiatric disorders. Lately, evidence has increased for the existence of cerebellar connections -generally in relation to vermis and posterior lobe- with cortical areas related to pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. The cerebellar affective cognitive syndrome, also known as Schmahmann syndrome, has even been described with an evaluation scale.

Case report of a patient suffering a manic episode in context of single right cerebellar metastasis derived from ovarian tumor.

A non-systematic literature review was conducted on PubMed database on cerebellum pathology related to psychiatrics disorders. The clinical case report was prepared through the review of the patient´s clinical record.

The authors introduce the case of a 50-year-old woman, diagnosed with high-grade serous ovarian tumor, with single right cerebellar metastasis of 42mm, who was admitted to oncology due to behavioral alteration, with no prior psychiatric history. The patient showed hyperthymic mood, with speech scanned but fluid, manifesting intense well-being and ideation of mystical-religious and megalomaniac content. Haloperidol up to 7.5mg/8 hours and clonazepam 2 mg/8 hours were prescribed, switching haloperidol to olanzapine up to 25mg/day after several days, since the symptoms did not improve. Valproic acid 500 mg/24 hours was also added. Progressive improvement was seen, without worsening of motor symptoms or instability. The CCAS scale (Cerebellar Cognitive Affective/Schmahmann syndrome) was performed, with a positive result (10/10) being> 3 definitive CCAS.

The relationship between cerebellum and neuropsychiatric disorders is still partly unknown, requiring more research to be able to carry out specific diagnoses and treatments for patients.

No significant relationships.

Difficulty in cognitive adjustment after a conflict or error is a hallmark for many psychiatric disorders, yet the underlying neural correlates are not fully understood. We have previously shown that post-success and post-error cognitive controls are associated with distinct mechanisms particularly related to the prefrontal-cerebellar circuit, raising the possibility that altered dynamic interactions in this circuit may underlie mental illness.

This study included 136 patients with three diagnosed disorders [48 schizophrenia (SZ), 49 bipolar disorder (BD), 39 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)] and 89 healthy controls who completed a stop-signal task during fMRI scans. Brain activations for concurrent, post-success, and post-error cognitive controls were analyzed and compared between groups. Dynamic causal modeling was applied to investigate prefrontal-cerebellar effective connectivity patterns during post-success and post-error processing.

No significant group differences were observed for brain activations and overall effective connectivity structures during post-success and post-error conditions. However, significant group differences were shown for the modulational effect on top-down connectivity from the prefrontal cortex to the cerebellum during post-error trials (pFWE = 0.02), which was driven by reduced modulations in both SZ and ADHD. During post-success trials, there were significantly decreased modulational effect on bottom-up connectivity from the cerebellum to the prefrontal cortex in ADHD (pFWE = 0.04) and decreased driving input to the cerebellum in SZ (pFWE = 0.04).

These findings suggest that patients with SZ and ADHD are associated with insufficient neural modulation on the prefrontal-cerebellar circuit during post-success and post-error cognitive processing, a phenomenon that may underlie cognitive deficits in these disorders.

Mounting evidence showed that insula contributed to the neurobiological mechanism of suicidal behaviors in bipolar disorder (BD). However, no studies have analyzed the dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) of insular Mubregions and its association with personality traits in BD with suicidal behaviors. Therefore, we investigated the alterations of dFC variability in insular subregions and personality characteristics in BD patients with a recent suicide attempt (SA).

Thirty unmedicated BD patients with SA, 38 patients without SA (NSA) and 35 demographically matched healthy controls (HCs) were included. The sliding-window analysis was used to evaluate whole-brain dFC for each insular subregion seed. We assessed between-group differences of psychological characteristics on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2. Finally, a multivariate regression model was adopted to predict the severity of suicidality.

Compared to NSA and HCs, the SA group exhibited decreased dFC variability values between the left dorsal anterior insula and the left anterior cerebellum. These dFC variability values could also be utilized to predict the severity of suicidality (r = 0.456, p = 0.031), while static functional connectivity values were not appropriate for this prediction. Besides, the SA group scored significantly higher on the schizophrenia clinical scales (p < 0.001) compared with the NSA group.

Our findings indicated that the dysfunction of insula–cerebellum connectivity may underlie the neural basis of SA in BD patients, and highlighted the dFC variability values could be considered a neuromarker for predictive models of the severity of suicidality. Moreover, the psychiatric features may increase the vulnerability of suicidal behavior.

Previous studies have demonstrated structural and functional changes of the hippocampus in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, no studies have analyzed the dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) of hippocampal subregions in melancholic MDD. We aimed to reveal the patterns for dFC variability in hippocampus subregions – including the bilateral rostral and caudal areas and its associations with cognitive impairment in melancholic MDD.

Forty-two treatment-naive MDD patients with melancholic features and 55 demographically matched healthy controls were included. The sliding-window analysis was used to evaluate whole-brain dFC for each hippocampal subregions seed. We assessed between-group differences in the dFC variability values of each hippocampal subregion in the whole brain and cognitive performance on the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Finally, association analysis was conducted to investigate their relationships.

Patients with melancholic MDD showed decreased dFC variability between the left rostral hippocampus and left anterior lobe of cerebellum compared with healthy controls (voxel p < 0.005, cluster p < 0.0125, GRF corrected), and poorer cognitive scores in working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, and social cognition (all p < 0.05). Association analysis showed that working memory was positively correlated with the dFC variability values of the left rostral hippocampus-left anterior lobe of the cerebellum (r = 0.338, p = 0.029) in melancholic MDD.

These findings confirmed the distinct dynamic functional pathway of hippocampal subregions in patients with melancholic MDD, and suggested that the dysfunction of hippocampus-cerebellum connectivity may be underlying the neural substrate of working memory impairment in melancholic MDD.

There is international variability in whether neurological determination of death (NDD) is conceptually defined based on permanent loss of brainstem function or “whole brain death.” Canadian guidelines are not definitive. Patients with infratentorial stroke may meet clinical criteria for NDD despite persistent cerebral blood flow (CBF) and relative absence of supratentorial injury.

We performed a multicenter cohort study involving patients that died from ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke in Alberta intensive care units from 2013 to 2019, focusing on those with infratentorial involvement. Medical records were reviewed to determine the incidence and proportion of patients that met clinical criteria for NDD; whether ancillary testing was performed; and if so, whether this demonstrated the absence of CBF.

There were 95 (27%) deaths from infratentorial and 263 (73%) from supratentorial stroke. Sixteen patients (17%) with infratentorial stroke had neurological examination consistent with NDD (0.55 cases per million per year). Among patients that underwent confirmatory evaluation for NDD with an apnea test, ancillary test (radionuclide scan), or both, ancillary testing was more common with infratentorial compared with supratentorial stroke (10/12 (85%) vs. 25/47 (53%), p = 0.04). Persistent CBF was detected in 6/10 (60%) patients with infratentorial compared with 0/25 with supratentorial stroke (p = 0.0001).

Infratentorial stroke leading to clinical criteria for NDD occurs with an annual incidence of about 0.55 per million. There is variability in clinicians’ use of ancillary testing. Persistent CBF was detected in more than half of patients that underwent radionuclide scans. Canadian consensus is needed to guide clinical practice.

Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) is the most common hereditary ataxia. It is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive ataxia. FRDA is also associated with cognitive impairments. To date, the evolution of cognitive functioning is unknown. Our aim was to investigate the changes in the cognitive functioning of FRDA patients over an average eight-year timeframe. In addition, we aimed to study the relationship between cognitive changes and clinical variables.

Twenty-nine FRDA patients who had been part of the sample of a previous study participated in the present study. The mean average time between the two assessments was 8.24 years. The participants completed an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests chosen to examine cognitive functioning in various cognitive domains: processing speed, attention, working memory, executive functions, verbal and visual memory, visuoperceptive and visuospatial skills, visuoconstructive functions and language.

At follow-up, cerebellar symptoms had worsened, and patients presented greater disability. Differences between baseline and follow-up were observed in motor and cognitive reaction times, several trials of the Stroop test, semantic fluency, and block designs. No other cognitive changes were observed. Deterioration in simple cognitive reactions times and block designs performance correlated with the progression of cerebellar symptoms.

Our study has demonstrated for the first time that patients with FRDA experience a significant decline over time in several cognitive domains. Specifically, after an eight-year period, FRDA patients worsened in processing speed, fluency, and visuoconstructive skills. This progression is unlikely to be due to greater motor or speech impairment.