From the early years of Israel’s occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, observers predicted that their de facto annexation might occur. Fifty-seven years later, it has happened. Although governed differently than other zones within the Israeli state, neither territory can be separated from Israel. Yet, the territories’ official status is that they are not part of the state. We offer four reinforcing analyses—legal, historical, discursive, and political—of this sustained discrepancy between what is and what is officially said to be. By analyzing Israel’s juridical techniques for regularizing the incorporation of territories occupied beginning in 1948, we show that de facto annexation has been Israel’s predominant form of territorial expansion. This helps account for the failure to implement de jure annexation, the intensity of conflict over attempts to overhaul the Israeli judiciary, and debates over the future of postwar Gaza.

The link between creativity and serious mental illness (SMI) is widely discussed. Jackson Pollock is one example of a giant in the field of art who was both highly creative and experiencing an SMI. Pollock created a new genre of art known as abstract expressionism (“action painting”) defined as showing the frenetic actions of painting. The question arises whether his SMI played any role in the way he created his drip paintings, especially when he was overactive and manic. Furthermore, did visual hallucinations or enhanced visual perception associated with mania or psychosis facilitate Pollock in embedding and camouflaging images under layers of thrown paint? Seeing images in Pollocks drip paintings has been a controversy ever since these paintings were created. Some experts attribute this to pareidolia—perceiving specific images out of random or ambiguous visual patterns—a phenomenon known to be enhanced by fractal fuzzy edges such as seen in Rorschach ink blots as well as in Pollock drip paintings. So, are Pollock’s drip paintings merely giant Rorschach images, or did Pollock insert polloglyphs—images that are encrypted that tell a story about Pollock’s inner being—into his paintings and then disguise them with drippings? Here, we explore answers to these questions and discuss images that Pollock included in his earliest sketches and used repeatedly in his abstract paintings and later in his drip paintings to argue that these images are not accidental.

The q-colour Ramsey number of a k-uniform hypergraph H is the minimum integer N such that any q-colouring of the complete k-uniform hypergraph on N vertices contains a monochromatic copy of H. The study of these numbers is one of the central topics in Combinatorics. In 1973, Erdős and Graham asked to maximise the Ramsey number of a graph as a function of the number of its edges. Motivated by this problem, we study the analogous question for hypergaphs. For fixed $k \ge 3$ and $q \ge 2$ we prove that the largest possible q-colour Ramsey number of a k-uniform hypergraph with m edges is at most $\mathrm{tw}_k(O(\sqrt{m})),$ where tw denotes the tower function. We also present a construction showing that this bound is tight for $q \ge 4$. This resolves a problem by Conlon, Fox and Sudakov. They previously proved the upper bound for $k \geq 4$ and the lower bound for $k=3$. Although in the graph case the tightness follows simply by considering a clique of appropriate size, for higher uniformities the construction is rather involved and is obtained by using paths in expander graphs.

We are delighted to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Politics & Gender. This achievement signals an inflection point in the maturity of the subfield of women, gender, and politics research, and provides us with an opportunity to reflect on the role that the journal has played in the discipline of political science.

Clastic sedimentary systems and their characteristics are assumed not to have been modified by carbonate bioclastic grains until the Phanerozoic. Here, we show that the presence of carbonate bioclasts produced by disintegrated biomineralizing metazoans modified fine-grained siliciclastic facies in the Late Ediacaran Tamengo Formation, Brazil, ca. 555–542 Ma. The analysis of both polished sections and thin sections shows that sand-sized carbonate bioclasts (< 2 mm) derived from the Ediacaran metazoan Corumbella created diverse sedimentary features later found in the Phanerozoic record, such as bioclastic-rich horizontal and low-angle cross-laminations, erosive pods and lenses, bioclastic syneresis cracks, ripples preserved by bioclastic caps, microbial lamination eroded and filled with bioclasts, and entrapped bioclasts within microbial mats. These sedimentary features would have hardly been recorded in fine siliciclastic facies without the sand-sized bioclasts. Based on these features, together with other sedimentary evidence, Corumbella depositional settings in the Tamengo Fm. are reinterpreted as mid-ramp, subtidal settings. The multi-component organization of the skeleton of Corumbella favoured disarticulation to yield a sand-sized bioclast, so in turn creating a new complexity to shallow marine clastic settings typical of Phanerozoic marine depositional systems.

Cotton producers need residual herbicides that can safely and practically be applied postemergence (POST). Herbicide-coated fertilizers could allow for simultaneous application of residual herbicides and a bulk fertilizer blend. Therefore, a study was conducted in 2022 and 2023 in Fayetteville, AR, to evaluate cotton tolerance to 12 herbicide treatments coated onto a fertilizer blend and applied over cotton. Herbicides and rates evaluated included: diuron at 840 g ai ha-1, florpyrauxifen-benzyl at 29 g ai ha-1, flumioxazin at 105 g ai ha-1, flumioxazin plus pyroxasulfone at 70 + 90 g ai ha-1, fluridone at 168 g ai ha-1, fluometuron at 840 g ai ha-1, fomesafen at 280 g ai ha-1, pyroxasulfone at 128 g ai ha-1, saflufenacil at 66 g ai ha-1, saflufenacil plus dimethenamid-P at 25 + 219 g ai ha-1, saflufenacil plus pyroxasulfone at 44 + 91 g ai ha-1, and S-metolachlor at 1388 g ai ha-1. In both years, fluridone, fluometuron, diuron, and S-metolachlor caused less than 10% injury at 7 d after treatment (DAT). Higher injury levels were observed in 2022 (19 to 30%) compared to 2023 (4 to 12%) for flumioxazin, fomesafen, saflufenacil, saflufenacil plus dimethenamid-P, and saflufenacil plus pyroxasulfone. The elevated injury in one of two years was attributed to the presence of dew when the herbicide-coated fertilizer was applied. The initial injury was transient, as the cotton generally had recovered by 28 DAT for all herbicides. No differences in seed cotton yield or groundcover among the herbicide treatments occurred either year. These results highlight the potential of using several POST-applied, residual herbicides coated on fertilizer that are not currently registered for over-the-top use in cotton.

It is important to assess learning in both familiar and unfamiliar conditions to determine the extent of learning generalisation. In this study, we evaluated parent language outcomes of LENA Start™, a parent-implemented intervention, using distal measures derived from a parent–child free play interaction.

Forty-four parents and their child (mean: 20.8 months) participated in LENA Start™ or early childhood education curriculum intervention, in either English (n = 34) or Spanish (n = 10). We completed between- and within-group analyses using language and communication behaviour measures derived from parent–child interactions elicited outside the home with researcher-supplied materials (i.e., distal measures).

Group comparisons revealed significant differences on a subset of behavioural measures. Spanish-speaking parents in the LENA Start™ group demonstrated significant gains on three measures. While LENA Start™ has been associated with parent gains on proximal language measures, the results of this study reveal limited generalisation of skills based on distal measures.

An invited contribution to an issue of the Journal of Benefit–Cost Analysis honoring the work of the late Dr. Jerry Ellig, this essay recognizes and draws upon the Regulatory Report Card methodology developed by Ellig and Dr. Patrick McLaughlin to evaluate the quality of regulatory impact analysis published by federal government agencies in conjunction with notice-and-comment rulemaking. The essay anticipates a forthcoming study of changes to tax regulatory practices as a result of a 2018 Memorandum of Agreement between the Treasury Department and the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs – a study the authors discussed and hoped to conduct with Ellig before he passed away. The essay summarizes the Regulatory Report Card methodology, offers a brief typology of tax regulations, addresses why regulatory impact analysis and the Regulatory Report Card methodology are appropriate for the tax context, but also documents a few tax-specific adjustments to the Regulatory Report Card methodology.

Numerous annual and perennial weeds infest sugarcane. End-season weed infestations are managed before sugarcane is replanted by fallowing (cultivation and sequential glyphosate applications) or by rotating to glyphosate-tolerant soybean in Louisiana. With the occurrence of perennial grasses and glyphosate-resistant weeds, growers need to utilize alternative late POST (LPOST) herbicide programs in soybean to reduce weed infestations in newly planted sugarcane (soybean-sugarcane rotation). Current rotational restrictions limit the use of acifluorfen, clethodim, fomesafen, and quizalofop to control troublesome weeds before soybean harvest and the subsequent planting of sugarcane. However, there is a lack of information on the carryover effects of these soybean herbicides on newly planted sugarcane. Field experiments were conducted at Schriever and St. Gabriel, LA, in 2017-2018 and 2020-2021 to determine sugarcane injury and yield component response to herbicides labeled for LPOST applications in soybean, including acifluorfen, clethodim, fomesafen, lactofen, and quizalofop, applied at the field-use rates (1X) 45 d prior to or immediately after sugarcane planting. Separate field experiments were conducted at those two locations in LA in 2018-2019 and 2020-2021 to determine sugarcane injury and yield component response to five rates of fomesafen applied immediately after sugarcane planting. Results of the herbicide screening experiment showed no reductions in sugarcane shoot and stalk population, stalk height, sugarcane yield, sucrose content, or sucrose yield from the selected herbicides at either application timing. Fomesafen applied at 790 (2X) and 1,580 (4X) g ha-1 resulted in 7% and 13% average visible injury to sugarcane at 27 d after treatment (DAT), respectively; injury symptoms persisted until 62 DAT. Transient injury observed at 62 DAT did not correspond to reduced sugarcane stalk population, height, sucrose content, sugarcane yield, or sucrose yield. This research indicates a potentially low risk of carryover and yield losses in newly planted sugarcane from late-season applications of selected soybean herbicides.

Predicting and perhaps mitigating against rare, extreme events in fluid flows is an important challenge. Due to the time-localised nature of these events, Fourier-based methods prove inefficient in capturing them. Instead, this paper uses wavelet-based methods to understand the underlying patterns in a forced flow over a 2-torus which has intermittent high-energy burst events interrupting an ambient low-energy ‘quiet’ flow. Two wavelet-based methods are examined to predict burst events: (i) a wavelet proper orthogonal decomposition (WPOD) based method which uncovers and utilises the key flow patterns seen in the quiet regions and the bursting episodes; and (ii) a wavelet resolvent analysis (WRA) based method that relies on the forcing structures which amplify the underlying flow patterns. These methods are compared with a straightforward energy tracking approach which acts as a benchmark. Both the wavelet-based approaches succeed in producing better predictions than a simple energy criterion, i.e. earlier prediction times and/or fewer false positives and the WRA-based technique always performs better than WPOD. However, the improvement of WRA over WPOD is not as substantial as anticipated. We conjecture that this is because the mechanism for the bursts in the flow studied is found to be largely modal, associated with the unstable eigenfunction of the Navier–Stokes operator linearised around the mean flow. The WRA approach should deliver much better improvement over the WPOD approach for generically non-modal bursting mechanisms where there is a lag between the imposed forcing and the final response pattern.

Eich’s book is a tour de force. It takes us through six episodes in which the history of political theory and the history of political economy intersect through the topic of money. From Aristotle to Locke and Fichte and then through to Marx and Keynes before a final episode costarring Hayek, Rawls, Habermas, and Walzer, we are treated to a fascinating set of reflections on what money is and should be, each articulated in the face of a particular historical crisis. This approach gives us a new way of thinking about what is salient in the history of political thought, but it also helps us think about the present. Eich hopes to move us beyond narrow debates over the depoliticization of money by insisting that money is always already political even when it announces itself as antipolitical, so that the real question is which conception of political life—which values but also which underlying social theory—we want to be embedded in monetary institutions. In explicitly tethering his patient, detailed historical scholarship to the broader goal of stimulating and invigorating reflection on one of the central issues of our own day, Eich tries to overcome the divide between historical work and contemporary debate.

Carolina geranium (Geranium carolinianum L.) growth in planting holes in commercial strawberry [Fragaria × ananassa (Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier (pro sp.) [chiloensis × virginiana]] fields is a serious problem in Florida. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different G. carolinianum densities on strawberry growth and yield in plasticulture production systems. Geranium carolinianum densities were 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.9, 2.7, and 3.8 plants m−2 equally distributed on the plastic-mulched bed top within the planting holes. Geranium carolinianum density did not affect plant height; however, seed production and season-end biomass were negatively correlated with density in Season I. There was a negative, linear correlation between weed density and berry yields. With each increase in G. carolinianum per square meter, the total annual yield was lowered by 554 and 935 kg ha−1, in Seasons I and II, respectively. Our data clearly indicate that G. carolinianum emerging in the transplant holes of strawberry and competing throughout the season has a significantly negative effect on total berry yield.

The European Court of Human Rights has long been cast as a defender of democracy in Europe. Yet, this idea has not always been at the core of the Court’s perception in the literature or indeed aligned with its jurisprudence which are often viewed in more Dworkinian terms. We suggest that there are good reasons, however, to take this idea more seriously in line with some of the early discussions on the function of the Convention. We argue that a good way to flesh out this idea is by drawing on the recent discussion on comparative representation reinforcement, sometimes labelled comparative political process theory, which builds on earlier work by US constitutional theorist John Hart Ely. Such an – expanded and updated – Elyian approach, we believe, has much to offer not just for domestic constitutional courts around the globe, but also for a supranational human rights court such as the ECtHR. We spell out what this might mean for the Court’s jurisprudence with reference to a few key areas of jurisprudence and the protection of minority rights in particular and sketch some implications for when to exercise restraint and when to intervene in a robust manner.

Historical research on efforts to reduce the stigma associated with venereal disease (VD) generally dates these campaigns back to the 1930s. Within the United States, one of the earliest attempts to detach VD from its traditional association with sexual immorality occurred during the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century, when the New York City dermatologist Lucius Bulkley coined the term syphilis insontium (‘syphilis of the innocent’) in the hopes of demonstrating that many of those who contracted this disease did so through non-sexual contact. Gaining widespread acceptance within the medical community, Bulkley’s ideas served as the intellectual foundation for a discursive assault on the prevailing belief that syphilis constituted the ‘wages of sin’—one designed to destigmatise the disease and to promote more scientific responses to it. However, the effects of this anti-stigma rhetoric were often counterproductive. Encouraging doctors to discern ‘innocence’ or ‘guilt’ through assessments of a patient’s character, syphilis insontium often amplified the disease’s association with immorality. With the passage of time, physicians became increasingly aware of these problems, and in the 1910s, a backlash against Bulkley’s ideas emerged within the American medical community. Yet even with the resultant demise of his destigmatisation campaign, discourses of ‘innocent syphilis’ continued to circulate, casting a long shadow over subsequent stigma reduction efforts.